German auxiliary cruiser Orion

Orion (HSK-1) was an auxiliary cruiser of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine which operated as a merchant raider during World War II.[1] Built by Blohm & Voss in Hamburg in 1930/31 as the freighter Kurmark, she was requisitioned by the navy at the outbreak of World War II and converted into the auxiliary cruiser Orion, commissioned on 9 December 1939. Known to the Kriegsmarine as Schiff 36, her Royal Navy designation was Raider A. She was named after the constellation Orion.

History
Germany
Class and type: Merchant vessel
Name: Kurmark
Namesake: Kurmark
Laid down: 1930 by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg
Launched: 1930
Commissioned: 1930
Fate: Requisitioned by Kriegsmarine, 1939
Nazi Germany
Class and type: Auxiliary cruiser
Name: Orion
Namesake: Orion
Operator: Kriegsmarine
Yard number: 1
Acquired: Requisitioned, 1939
Commissioned: 9 December 1939
Renamed:
  • Orion (1939)
  • Hektor (1944)
  • Orion (1945)
Reclassified: Auxiliary cruiser Orion, 9 December 1939
Nickname(s):
  • HSK-1
  • Schiff-36
  • Raider A
Fate: Sunk on 4 May 1945 after hit by several bombs on her way to Copenhagen
General characteristics
Displacement: 15,700 tons (7,021 GRT)
Length: 148 m (486 ft)
Beam: 18.6 m (61 ft)
Draught: 8.2 m (27 ft)
Propulsion: Steam turbines (Blohm + Voss) (engines earlier used on liner New York), one shaft, 4 boilers, 6,200 shp (4.6 MW)
Speed: 14.8 knots (27.4 km/h)
Range: 18,000 nautical miles (33,000 km)
Complement: 356 (varying)
Armament:
Aircraft carried:

1 x Arado Ar 196 A-1

1 x Nakajima E8N
The freighter NORDMARK of Hapag

Construction and conversion

The Orion was built in 1930 by Blohm & Voss in Hamburg as a freighter for HAPAG, the Hamburg-America Line. To save money, the engines of the liner New York were reused. That proved a poor decision, since the Orion was plagued for her entire life by engine problems.

After the war broke out the German Seekriegsleitung (Naval Operations Command) was ill-prepared for raider warfare. The operations of the German auxiliary cruisers of World War I were evaluated and considered a great success, having disrupted British merchant shipping around the world. However the overall effect on the war was evaluated as having been rather minor and so only a small program of converting merchant vessels into auxiliary cruisers was initiated on 5 September 1939.

The first two ships being requisitioned were the Kurmark (Orion) and the Neumark (German auxiliary cruiser Widder), and conversion started immediately.

Raider voyage

One of the first auxiliary cruisers operated by Germany in World War II, Orion left Germany on 6 April 1940, under the command of Korvettenkapitän (later Fregattenkapitän) Kurt Weyher. She passed south through the Atlantic disguised as a neutral vessel, where she attacked and sank SS Haxby, a 5,207-ton freighter.

In May 1940 Orion rounded Cape Horn and entered the Pacific. She entered New Zealand waters in June 1940 and laid mines off Auckland during the night of 13/14 June 1940, one of which sank the liner RMS Niagara five days later. Two other ships were caught by mines from Orion, as well as two trawlers and an auxiliary minesweeper.

This done, Orion raided across the Indian and Pacific Oceans attacking four more ships. One she sent to occupied France as a prize; the others were sunk.

On 20 October 1940 she made rendezvous with the raider German auxiliary cruiser Komet, and the supply ship Kulmerland; operating together they accounted for a further seven ships, including the liner Rangitane and five ships off Nauru, before going their separate ways in the new year.

One Nakajima E8N float plane was purchased in early 1941 by the German naval attaché to Japan, Vice-Admiral Paul Wenneker, and dispatched on board the supply ship Münsterland to rendezvous with the Orion at the Maug Islands in the Northern Marianas. The meeting occurred on 1 February 1941, and Orion thus became the only German naval vessel of World War II to employ a Japanese float plane.

A further six months passed cruising in the Indian Ocean yielded nothing, though she did encounter and capture her final victim, the SS Chaucer, in July 1941, in the South Atlantic when Orion was on her way home.

Orion returned to Bordeaux in occupied France on 23 August 1941. After 510 days and 127,337 nautical miles (235,828 km) at sea she had sunk ten ships with a combined tonnage of 62,915 gross register tons (GRT), plus two more (totalling 21,125 GRT) in cooperation with Komet.

The German freighter Anneliese Essberger, disguised as the Norwegian freighter Herstein, was supposed to meet the Orion on 30 Aug. 1941. The planned rendezvous was Point Corona at 28 degrees N, 43 degrees W. Failing to see the Orion, the freighter continued north.[2]:89–99

Later history

De-commissioned as a commerce raider, the ship was renamed Hektor in 1944 and was used as artillery training ship. In January 1945 she was again renamed Orion and was used to transport refugees from Germany's eastern provinces across the Baltic Sea to ports in northern Germany and occupied Denmark. On her way to Copenhagen on 4 May 1945, after she had picked up the crew of the old battleship Schlesien, the ship was hit by two bombs dropped by aircraft of the Soviet 51st Mine-Torpedo Aviation Regiment off Swinemünde. Although the crew managed to beach the fiercely burning ship on a sandbank, over 150 passengers and crew lost their lives.[3] The hulk was scrapped in 1952.[4]

Raiding history

Sunk by Orion
  • 1940-04-24 Haxby 5,207 GRT
  • 1940-06-19 Tropic Sea 8,750 GRT
  • 1940-08-16 Notou 2,489 GRT
  • 1940-08-20 Turakina 9,691 GRT
  • 1940-10-14 Ringwood 7,203 GRT
  • 1941-07-29 Chaucer 5,792 GRT

Sunk by mines laid by Orion

(The claims by several sources that the freighters Port Bowen and Baltannic were also victims of the Orion's mines, seem, on examination of the records now available, to be unsubstantiated)

Movements of the three German ships in December 1940 and January 1941

In concert with Komet

Notes
  1. "Hilfskreuzer (Auxiliary Cruiser) Orion". Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  2. Giese, O., 1994, Shooting the War, Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, ISBN 1557503079
  3. "Hilfskreuzer Orion". Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  4. "Orion (HSK-1) (+1945)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  5. "MV Rangitane (+1940)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  6. "MV Triadic (+1940)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  7. "MV Triaster (+1940)". Wrecksite. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
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gollark: You are NOT to allocate on the stack æ.
gollark: Yes, but instructions aren't equal in difficulty of execution or something.

References
  • August K. Muggenthaler. Das waren die deutschen Hilfskreuzer 1939–1945. Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-87943-261-9.
  • August Karl Muggenthaler (1977). German Raiders of World War II. ISBN 0-7091-6683-4.
  • Paul Schmalenbach (1977). German Raiders 1895–1945. ISBN 0-85059-351-4.
  • Stephen Roskill (1954). The War at Sea 1939–1945 Volume I.
  • New Zealand Official War History: The German raider Orion

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