Georgian numerals

The Georgian numerals are the system of number names used in Georgian, a language spoken in the country of Georgia. The Georgian numerals from 30 to 99 are constructed using a base-20 system,[1][2][3] similar to the scheme used in Basque, French for numbers 80 through 99,[4] or the notion of the score in English.

The symbols for numbers in modern Georgian texts are the same Arabic numerals used in English, except that the comma is used as the decimal separator, and digits in large numbers are divided into groups of three using spaces[5] or periods (full stops). An older method for writing numerals exists in which most of letters of the Georgian alphabet (including some obsolete letters) are each assigned a numeric value.[6]

Cardinal numbers

The Georgian cardinal numerals up to ten are primitives, as are the words for 20 and 100, and also "million", "billion", etc. (The word for 1000, though, is not a primitive.) Other cardinal numbers are formed from these primitives via a mixture of decimal (base-10) and vigesimal (base-20) structural principles.[7]

The following chart shows the nominative forms of the primitive numbers. Except for rva (8) and tskhra (9), these words are all consonant-final stems and may lose the final i in certain situations.

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	20	100	10^6	10^9
ნული nuli	ერთი erti	ორი ori	სამი sami	ოთხი otkhi	ხუთი khuti	ექვსი ekvsi	შვიდი švidi	რვა rva	ცხრა tskhra	ათი ati	ოცი otsi	ასი asi	მილიონი milioni	მილიარდი miliardi

Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed from 1 through 9, respectively, by prefixing t (a shortened form of ati, 10) and adding met'i (= more). In some cases, the prefixed t coalesces with the initial consonant of the root word to form a single consonant (t + s → ts; t + š → č; t + ts → ts), or induces metathesis in the root (t + rv → tvr).[8][9]

11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19
თერთმეტი tertmet'i	თორმეტი tormet'i	ცამეტი tsamet'i	თოთხმეტი totkhmet'i	თხუთმეტი tkhutmet'i	თექვსმეტი tekvsmet'i	ჩვიდმეტი čvidmet'i	თვრამეტი tvramet'i	ცხრამეტი tskhramet'i

Numbers between 20 and 99 use a vigesimal (base-20) system (comparable to 60–99 in French). 40, 60, and 80 are formed using 2, 3, and 4 (respectively), linked to the word for 20 by m (a vestigial multiplicative):[8][9]

20	40	60	80
ოცი otsi	ორმოცი ormotsi	სამოცი samotsi	ოთხმოცი otkhmotsi

Any other number between 21 and 99 is formed using 20, 40, 60, or 80, dropping the final i, then adding da (= and) followed by the appropriate number from 1 to 19;[8][9] e.g.:

21	30	38	47	99
ოცდაერთი otsdaerti (20 + 1)	ოცდაათი otsdaati (20 + 10)	ოცდათვრამეტი otsdatvramet'i (20 + 18)	ორმოცდაშვიდი ormotsdašvidi (2 x 20 + 7)	ოთხმოცდაცხრამეტი otkhmotsdatskhramet'i (4 x 20 + 19)

The hundreds are formed by linking 2, 3, . . ., 10 directly to the word for 100 (without the multiplicative m used for 40, 60, and 80). 1000 is expressed as atasi (10 x 100), and multiples of 1000 are expressed using atasi — so, for example, 2000 is ori atasi (2 x 10 x 100).[9]

100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000	2000	10 000
ასი asi	ორასი orasi	სამასი samasi	ოთხასი otkhasi	ხუთასი khutasi	ექვსასი ekvsasi	შვიდასი švidasi	რვაასი rvaasi	ცხრაასი tskhraasi	ათასი atasi	ორი ათასი ori atasi	ათი ათასი ati atasi

The final i is dropped when a smaller number is added to a multiple of 100;[9] e.g.:

250	310	415	2010
ორას ორმოცდაათი oras ormotsdaati	სამას ათი samas ati	ოთხას თხუთმეტი otkhas tkhutmet'i	ორი ათას ათი ori atas ati

Ordinal numerals

Ordinals are formed by adding the circumfix me- -e to the number, with -e replacing the final vowel. "First" is the irregular p'irveli.

Value	Cardinal	Ordinal
1	ერთი erti	პირველი p'irveli
2	ორი ori	მეორე meore
3	სამი sami	მესამე mesame
4	ოთხი otkhi	მეოთხე meotkhe
5	ხუთი khuti	მეხუთე mekhute
6	ექვსი ekvsi	მეექვსე meekvse
7	შვიდი švidi	მეშვიდე mešvide
8	რვა rva	მერვე merve
9	ცხრა tskhra	მეცხრე metskhre
10	ათი ati	მეათე meate
11	თერთმეტი tertmet'i	მეთერთმეტე metertmet'e
12	თორმეტი tormet'i	მეთორმეტე metormet'e
13	ცამეტი tsamet'i	მეცამეტე metsamet'e
20	ოცი otsi	მეოცე meotse

For higher numbers the circumfix only encloses the last element of the number. (If this final element is erti "one", it becomes meerte; forms with p'irveli are attested but less common.) If the number includes a multiple of 20 linked to a smaller number by da "and", me- falls after the da.

Value	Cardinal	Ordinal
21	ოცდაერთი otsdaerti	ოცდამეერთე otsdameerte or ოცდაპირველი otsdap'irveli
50	ორმოცდაათი ormotsdaati	ორმოცდამეათე ormotsdameate
83	ოთხოცდასამი otkhotsdasami	ოთხოცდამესამე otkhotsdamesame
10345	ათი ათას სამას ორმოცდახუთი ati atas samas ormotsdakhuti	ათი ათას სამას ორმოცდამეხუთე ati atas samas ormotsdamekhute

If a number comprises a multiple of 100 or higher followed by a number below 100 which does not contain a da, the ordinal is formed with me- between the two.

Value	Cardinal	Ordinal
101	ას ერთი as erti	ას მეერთე as meerte or ას პირველი as p'irveli
208	ორას რვა oras rva	ორას მერვე oras merve

Numeric values of letters

An inscription at the Motsameta monastery, dating the expansion of the convent to ჩყმვ (1846).

The Mtskheta Psalms, a 10th-11th century manuscript, is one of the oldest examples of Georgian usage of Arabic numerals.

The Georgian numeral system (Georgian: ქართული ანბანის სათვალავი) is a system of representing numbers using letters of the Georgian alphabet.[6] Numerical values in this system are obtained by simple addition of the component numerals, which are written greatest-to-least from left to right (e.g., ჩღჲთ = 1769, ჩყპზ = 1887, ციბ = 2012).

Georgian	Value
ა	1
ბ	2
გ	3
დ	4
ე	5
ვ	6
ზ	7
ჱ	8
თ	9
ი	10
კ	20
ლ	30
მ	40
ნ	50
ჲ	60
ო	70
პ	80
ჟ	90
რ	100
ს	200
ტ	300
ჳ	400*
უ	400*
ფ	500
ქ	600
ღ	700
ყ	800
შ	900
ჩ	1000
ც	2000
ძ	3000
წ	4000
ჭ	5000
ხ	6000
ჴ	7000
ჯ	8000
ჰ	9000
ჵ	10000

*Both letters ჳ and უ are equal to 400 in numerical value.

ჶ

ჷ

ჸ

ჹ

ჺ

ჼ

჻

These letters have no numerical value.

See also

• Georgian calendar

Notes

1. Aronson (1990), p. 279. "From 30 to 99 Georgian numerals are based on the vigesimal system, i.e., a system to base 20, unlike our decimal system to base 10."
2. Hewitt (1995), p. 524. "The system from '11' to '19' is analysable as '10-UNIT-more'. From '20' to '99' the system is based on units of 20 (i.e. it is vigesimal, so that, for example, '55' is literally '2-times-20-and-(10-5-more)'."
3. Makharoblidze (2009), p. 27. "[The] Georgian system of numbers is based on the counting system of 20. The numbers more than 20 and less than 100 are compound and the first number is [20 multiplied by the preceding numeral ("1" is not shown)] and then [the] remaining number is added."
4. Comrie, Bernard (1999). "Haruai Numerals and their Implications for the History and Typology of Numeral Systems". In Gvozdanović, Jadranka (ed.). Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide: Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 118. Berlin: Morton de Gruyter. p. 88. ISBN 3-11-016113-3. Base '20' can also be used more sporadically in a system that is basically decimal ... French shows such vigesimality only in the range '80'–'99', with '80' expressed as quatre-vingts 'four-twenties', '91' as quatre-vingt-onze 'four-twenty-eleven', etc.
5. "Georgian Style Guide" (PDF). Microsoft Corporation. 2011. p. 17. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
6. Makharoblidze (2009), p. 7
7. Makharoblidze (2009), pp. 28–29.
8. Boeder, Winfried (2005). "The South Caucasian Languages" (PDF). Lingua. 115: 21. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2003.06.002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
9. Hewitt (1995), pp. 51–54.

References

• Aronson, Howard I. (1990). Georgian: A Reading Grammar, Corrected Edition. Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. ISBN 0-89357-207-1.
• Hewitt, B.G. (1995). Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V. ISBN 1-55619-726-8.
• Makharoblidze, Tamar (2009). A Short Grammar of Georgian. Munich: Lincom Europe. ISBN 978-3-89586-151-2.