George Herbert

George Herbert (3 April 1593 – 1 March 1633)[1] was a Welsh-born poet, orator, and priest of the Church of England. His poetry is associated with the writings of the metaphysical poets, and he is recognised as "one of the foremost British devotional lyricists."[2] He was born into an artistic and wealthy family and largely raised in England. He received a good education that led to his admission to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1609. He went there with the intention of becoming a priest, but he became the University's Public Orator and attracted the attention of King James I. He served in the Parliament of England in 1624 and briefly in 1625.[3]

For other people named George Herbert, see George Herbert (disambiguation).

George Herbert
Portrait by Robert White in 1674 (National Portrait Gallery)
Born(1593-04-03)3 April 1593
Montgomery, Wales
Died1 March 1633(1633-03-01) (aged 39)
Bemerton, Wiltshire, England
Alma materTrinity College, Cambridge
OccupationPoet, priest, theologian, orator
Notable work
The Temple, The Country Parson, Jacula Prudentum
StyleMetaphysical poetry, theology

After the death of King James, Herbert renewed his interest in ordination. He gave up his secular ambitions in his mid-thirties and took holy orders in the Church of England, spending the rest of his life as the rector of the little parish of St Andrew's Church, Lower Bemerton, Salisbury. He was noted for unfailing care for his parishioners, bringing the sacraments to them when they were ill and providing food and clothing for those in need. Henry Vaughan called him "a most glorious saint and seer."[4] He was never a healthy man and died of consumption at age 39.

Biography

Early life and education
George Herbert's Temple

George Herbert was born 3 April 1593 in Montgomery, Montgomeryshire, Wales, the son of Richard Herbert (died 1596) and his wife Magdalen née Newport, the daughter of Sir Richard Newport (1511–70).[5] He was one of 10 children. The Herbert family was wealthy and powerful in both national and local government, and George was descended from the same stock as the Earls of Pembroke. His father was a member of parliament, a justice of the peace, and later served for several years as high sheriff and later custos rotulorum (keeper of the rolls) of Montgomeryshire. His mother Magdalen was a patron and friend of clergyman and poet John Donne and other poets, writers and artists. As George's godfather, Donne stood in after Richard Herbert died when George was three years old.[6][7] Herbert and his siblings were then raised by his mother, who helped push for a good education for her children.[8] Herbert's eldest brother Edward (who inherited his late father's estates and was ultimately created Baron Herbert of Cherbury) became a soldier, diplomat, historian, poet, and philosopher whose religious writings led to his reputation as the "father of English deism".[9] Herbert's younger brother was Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels to Kings Charles I and II.

Herbert entered Westminster School at or around the age of 12 as a day pupil,[10] although later he became a residential scholar. He was admitted on scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1609, and graduated first with a Bachelor's and then with a master's degree in 1616 at the age of 23.[11] Subsequently, Herbert was elected a major fellow of his college and then appointed Reader in Rhetoric. In 1620 he stressed his fluency in Latin and Greek and attained election to the post of the University's Public Orator, a position he held until 1627.[12]

In 1624, supported by his kinsman the 3rd Earl of Pembroke, Herbert became a member of parliament, representing Montgomery.[13] While these positions normally presaged a career at court, and King James I had shown him favour, circumstances worked against Herbert: the King died in 1625, and two influential patrons also died at about the same time. However, his parliamentary career may have ended already because, although a Mr Herbert is mentioned as a committee member, the Commons Journal for 1625 never mentions Mr. George Herbert, despite the preceding parliament's careful distinction.[14] In short, Herbert made a shift in his path, he angled away from the political future he had been pursuing and turned more fully toward a future in the church.

Herbert was presented with the prebend of Leighton Bromswold in the Diocese of Lincoln in 1626, whilst he was still a don at Trinity College, Cambridge but not yet ordained. He was not even present at his institution as prebend as it is recorded that Peter Walker, his clerk, stood in as his proxy. In the same year his close Cambridge friend Nicholas Ferrar was ordained Deacon in Westminster Abbey by Bishop Laud on Trinity Sunday 1626 and went to Little Gidding, two miles down the road from Leighton Bromswold, to found the remarkable community with which his name has ever since been associated. Herbert raised money (including the use of his own) to restore the neglected church building at Leighton.

Priesthood
St Andrew's Church in Bemerton, Wiltshire, where George Herbert served as rector and in which he was buried

In 1629, Herbert decided to enter the priesthood and the next year was appointed rector of the small rural parish of Fugglestone St Peter with Bemerton, near Salisbury in Wiltshire, about 75 miles south west of London.[15] Here he lived, preached and wrote poetry; he also helped to rebuild the Bemerton church and rectory out of his own funds.[16]

While at Bemerton, Herbert revised and added to his collection of poems entitled The Temple. He also wrote a guide to rural ministry entitled A Priest to the Temple or, The County Parson His Character and Rule of Holy Life, which he himself described as "a Mark to aim at", and which has remained influential to this day. Having married shortly before taking up his post, he and his wife gave a home to three orphaned nieces. Together with their servants, they crossed the lane for services in the small St Andrew's church twice every day.[17] Twice a week Herbert made the short journey into Salisbury to attend services at the Cathedral, and afterwards would make music with the cathedral musicians.[18]

But his time at Bemerton was short. Having suffered for most of his life from poor health, in 1633 Herbert died of consumption only three years after taking holy orders.[19]

Poetry

Herbert wrote poetry in English, Latin and Greek. Shortly before his death, he sent a literary manuscript to Nicholas Ferrar, the founder of a semi-monastic Anglican religious community at Little Gidding, reportedly telling him to publish the poems if he thought they might "turn to the advantage of any dejected poor soul", otherwise to burn them. In 1633 all of his English poems were published in The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations, with a preface by Ferrar.[20] The book went through eight editions by 1690.[21] According to Isaac Walton, when Herbert sent the manuscript to Ferrar, he said that "he shall find in it a picture of the many spiritual conflicts that have passed between God and my soul, before I could subject mine to the will of Jesus, my Master".[17] In this Herbert used the format of the poems to reinforce the theme he was trying to portray. Beginning with "The Church Porch", they proceed via "The Altar" to "The Sacrifice", and so onwards through the collection.

All of Herbert's surviving English poems are on religious themes and are characterised by directness of expression enlivened by original but apt conceits in which, in the Metaphysical manner, the likeness is of function rather than visual. In "The Windows", for example, he compares a righteous preacher to glass through which God's light shines more effectively than in his words.[22] Commenting on his religious poetry later in the 17th century, Richard Baxter said, "Herbert speaks to God like one that really believeth in God, and whose business in the world is most with God. Heart-work and heaven-work make up his books".[23] Helen Gardner later added "head-work" to this characterisation in acknowledgement of his "intellectual vivacity". It has also been pointed out how Herbert uses puns and wordplay to "convey the relationships between the world of daily reality and the world of transcendent reality that gives it meaning. The kind of word that functions on two or more planes is his device for making his poem an expression of that relationship."[24]

Herbert's "Easter Wings" printed sideways on facing pages

Visually too the poems are varied in such a way as to enhance their meaning, with intricate rhyme schemes, stanzas combining different line lengths and other ingenious formal devices. The most obvious examples are pattern poems like "The Altar,"[25] in which the shorter and longer lines are arranged on the page in the shape of an altar. The visual appeal is reinforced by the conceit of its construction from a broken, stony heart, representing the personal offering of himself as a sacrifice upon it. Built into this is an allusion to Psalm 51:17: "The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit; a broken and a contrite heart."[26] In the case of "Easter Wings" (illustrated here), the words were printed sideways on two facing pages so that the lines there suggest outspread wings. The words of the poem are paralleled between stanzas and mimic the opening and closing of the wings. In Herbert's poems formal ingenuity is not an end in itself but is employed only as an auxiliary to its meaning.

The formal devices employed to convey that meaning are wide in range. In his meditation on the passage "Our life is hid with Christ in God",[27] the capitalised words 'My life is hid in him that is my treasure' move across successive lines and demonstrate what is spoken of in the text. Opposites are brought together in "Bitter-Sweet" for the same purpose.[28] Echo and variation are also common. The exclamations at the head and foot of each stanza in "Sighs and Grones" are one example.[29] The diminishing truncated rhymes in "Paradise" are another.[30] There is also an echo-dialogue after each line in "Heaven",[31] other examples of which are found in the poetry of his brother Lord Herbert of Cherbury.[32] Alternative rhymes are offered at the end of the stanzas in "The Water-Course",[33] while the "Mary/Army Anagram" is represented in its title.[34] In "The Collar", Joseph Summers argues, Herbert goes so far as to use apparent formlessness as a formal and thematic device: "the poem contains all the elements of order in violent disorder" until the end, when the final four lines' regularity restores the reader's sense of "the necessity of order".[35]

Once the taste for this display of Baroque wit had passed, the satirist John Dryden was to dismiss it as so many means to "torture one poor word ten thousand ways."[36] Though Herbert remained esteemed for his piety, the poetic skill with which he expressed his thought had to wait centuries to be admired again.

Prose

Herbert's only prose work, A Priest to the Temple (usually known as The Country Parson), offers practical advice to rural clergy. In it, he advises that "things of ordinary use" such as ploughs, leaven, or dances, could be made to "serve for lights even of Heavenly Truths". It was first published in 1652 as part of Herbert's Remains, or Sundry Pieces of That Sweet Singer, Mr. George Herbert, edited by Barnabas Oley. The first edition was prefixed with unsigned preface by Oley, which was used as one of the sources for Izaak Walton's biography of Herbert, first published in 1670. The second edition appeared in 1671 as A Priest to the Temple or the Country Parson, with a new preface, this time signed by Oley.

Like many of his literary contemporaries, Herbert was a collector of proverbs. His Outlandish Proverbs[37] was published in 1640, listing over 1000 aphorisms in English, but gathered from many countries (in Herbert's day, 'outlandish' meant foreign). The collection included many sayings repeated to this day, for example, "His bark is worse than his bite" and "Who is so deaf, as he that will not hear?" These and an additional 150 proverbs were included in a later collection entitled Jacula Prudentum (sometimes seen as Jacula Prudentium), dated 1651 and published in 1652 as part of Oley's Herbert's Remains.

Musical settings

Herbert was a skilled lutenist who "sett his own lyricks or sacred poems."[38] Musical pursuits interested him all through his life and his biographer, Isaac Walton, records that he rose to play the lute during his final illness.[39] Walton also gave it as his opinion that he composed "such hymns and anthems as he and the angels now sing in heaven,"[17] while Walton's friend Charles Cotton described him as a "soul composed of harmonies."[40]

In view of such tributes, it is no surprise to find that more than ninety of Herbert's poems have been set for singing over the centuries, some of them multiple times.[41] Beginning in his own century, there were settings of "Longing" by Henry Purcell and "And art thou grieved" by John Blow. Some forty were adapted for the Methodist hymnal by the Wesley brothers, among them "Teach me my God and King", which found its place in one version or another in 223 hymnals. Another poem, "Let all the world in every corner sing", was published in 103 hymnals, of which one is a French version.[42] Other languages into which his work has been translated for musical settings include Spanish, Catalan and German.[43]

In the 20th century, "Vertue" alone achieved ten settings, one of them in French. Among leading modern composers who set his work were Edmund Rubbra, who set "Easter" as the first of his Two songs for voice and string trio (op.2, 1921); Ralph Vaughan Williams, who used four by Herbert in Five Mystical Songs, of which "Easter" was the first and "Antiphon II" the last; Robin Milford, who used the original Fitzwilliam manuscript’s setting of the second part of ‘Easter’ for his cantata “Easter Morning”, (1932), set in two parts for soprano soloist and choir of children’s or women’s voices;Benjamin Britten and William Walton, both of whom set "Antiphon" too; Ned Rorem who included one in his "10 poems for voice, oboe and strings" (1982); and Judith Weir, whose 2005 choral work Vertue includes three poems by Herbert.

Legacy
Herbert memorial window in St Andrew's Church, Bemerton

The earliest portrait of George Herbert was engraved long after his death by Robert White[44] for Walton's biography of the poet in 1674 (see above). Now in London's National Portrait Gallery, it served as basis for later engravings, such as those by White's apprentice John Sturt and Henry Hoppner Meyer's of 1829.

Among later artistic commemorations is William Dyce's oil painting of "George Herbert at Bemerton" (1860) in the Guildhall Art Gallery. The poet is pictured in his riverside garden, prayer book in hand.[45] Over the meadows is Salisbury Cathedral, where he used to join in the musical evensong; his lute leans against a stone bench and against a tree a fishing rod is propped, a reminder of his first biographer, Isaac Walton.[46] There is also a musical reference in Charles West Cope's "George Herbert and his mother" (1872) in Gallery Oldham.[47] The mother points a poem out to him with an arm twined round his neck in a room that has a virginal in the background.

The Herbert niche, Salisbury Cathedral

Most representations of Herbert, however, are in stained glass windows, of which there are several in churches and cathedrals. They include Westminster Abbey,[48] Salisbury Cathedral[49] and All Saints Church, Cambridge.[49] His own St Andrew's Church in Bemerton installed a memorial window, which he shares with Nicholas Ferrar, in 1934. In addition, there is a statue of Herbert in his canonical robes, based in part on the Robert White portrait, in a niche on the West Front of Salisbury Cathedral.

In the liturgy too George Herbert is commemorated on 27 February throughout the Anglican Communion but on 1 March in, for example, the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, St David's day being the day of his death. There are various collects for the day, of which one is based on his poem "The Elixir":

Our God and King, who called your servant George Herbert from the pursuit of worldly honors to be a pastor of souls, a poet, and a priest in your temple: Give us grace, we pray, joyfully to perform the tasks you give us to do, knowing that nothing is menial or common that is done for your sake ... Amen.[50]

Works
  • 1623: Oratio Qua auspicatissimum Serenissimi Principis Caroli.
  • 1627: Memoriae Matris Sacrum, printed with A Sermon of commemoracion of the ladye Danvers by John Donne... with other Commemoracions of her by George Herbert (London: Philemon Stephens and Christopher Meredith).
  • 1633: The Temple, Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations. (Cambridge: Printed by Thomas Buck and Roger Daniel).
  • 1652: Herbert's Remains, Or, Sundry Pieces Of that sweet Singer of the Temple consisting of his collected writings from A Priest to the Temple, Jacula Prudentum, Sentences, & c., as well as a letter, several prayers, and three Latin poems.(London: Printed for Timothy Garthwait)
gollark: > perl
gollark: If you just create, say, a 32kB array for some input, but it's possible to send more than that and you don't check very carefully everywhere (because C string manipulation functions are horrible and so are C strings), then BUFFER OVERFLOW!
gollark: It does it in not wildly unsafe ways.
gollark: Virtual memory.
gollark: Haskell actually just preallocates a 1TB block of memory.

References
  1. Wilcox, Helen. "Herbert, George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13025. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. "George Herbert 1593–1633". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 11 April 2013..
  3. Charles 1977, p. 104.
  4. Vaughan, Henry (1652), Mount of Olives
  5. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford: British Academy, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198614128. OCLC 56568095.
  6. Patrick Moore, School for Teachers, 2006, archived from the original on 20 November 2008.
  7. Charles 1977, p. 28.
  8. Black, Connolly & Flint 2016, p. 908.
  9. Waligore, Joseph (2012). "The Piety of the English Deists: Their Personal Relationship with an Active God". Intellectual History Review. 22 (2): 181–197. doi:10.1080/17496977.2012.693742. ISSN 1749-6977.
  10. Charles 1977, p. 52.
  11. Charles 1977, p. 71.
  12. "Herbert, George (HRBT609G)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  13. Williams 1895, p. 149.
  14. Charles 1977, p. 110.
  15. Hodgkins 2010, p. 136.
  16. Charles 1977, p. 154.
  17. Walton 1670.
  18. Charles 1977, p. 163.
  19. Persons: Herbert, George (0–1687) in "CCEd, the Clergy of the Church of England database" (Accessed online, 6 October 2017)
  20. "George Herbert", Catalogue of English Literary Manuscripts
  21. Cox 2004, p. 92.
  22. Poetry Foundation
  23. Bloom & Cornelius 2008, p. 311.
  24. Hodgkins 2010, p. 47.
  25. Christian Classics
  26. Westerweel 1984, p. 108.
  27. Luminarium
  28. Christian Classics
  29. Christian Classics
  30. Christian Classics
  31. Christian Classics
  32. Nänny 1994, p. 139.
  33. Christian Classics
  34. Christian Classics
  35. Summers, Joseph H. (1954). George Herbert: His Religion and Art. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 73–94.
  36. The Spectator. 11 May 1711. p. 73.
  37. Herbert 1881, pp. 437-.
  38. John Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. Clark, vol. I, p.310
  39. Walton 1670, p. 77.
  40. Schmidt 1997, p. 171.
  41. Hymnary org
  42. Hymnary org
  43. Lieder Archive
  44. Portraits of George Herbert at the National Portrait Gallery, London
  45. Dyce, William (1860). "George Herbert at Bemerton, Salisbury". Art UK. Guildhall Art Gallery. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  46. Herbert 2003, p. xv.
  47. Cope, Charles West (1872). "George Herbert and His Mother". Art UK. Gallery Oldham. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  48. Coe 1895, p. 35.
  49. Comerford, Patrick (4 October 2012). "George Herbert (1593-1633), 'the finest expressions of Anglican piety at its best'". Dead Anglican Theologians' Society. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  50. Kiefer, James E. (n.d.). "George Herbert, Priest and Poet". justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 5 June 2018.

Sources

Further reading
Editions
  • 1941: The Works of George Herbert, ed. F. E. Hutchinson.
  • 2007: The English Poems of George Herbert, ed. Helen Wilcox. Cambridge University Press
Studies
  • Clarke, Elizabeth, Theory and Theology in George Herbert's Poetry: "Divinitie, and Poesie, Met", Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-19-826398-2
  • Drury, John, Music at Midnight: The Life and Poetry of George Herbert, Allen Lane, 2013.
  • Falloon, Jane Heart in Pilgrimage: a study of George Herbert, Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4259-7755-9
  • Lewis-Anthony, Justin "If You Meet George Herbert on the Road, Kill Him": Radically re-thinking priestly ministry, an exploration of the life of George Herbert as a take-off for a re-evaluation of the ministry within the Church of England. Mowbray, August 2009. ISBN 978-1-906286-17-0
  • Sullivan, Ceri. The Rhetoric of the Conscience in Donne, Herbert, and Vaughan. Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Orrick, Jim, A Year with George Herbert: a guide to fifty-two of his best loved poems. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2011.
  • Sheldrake, Philip (2009) Heaven in Ordinary: George Herbert and his writings. Canterbury Press ISBN 978-1-85311-948-4
  • Oakley, Mark "My Sour-Sweet Days: George Herbert and the Journey of the Soul". SPCK, 2019.


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