George Clavering-Cowper, 3rd Earl Cowper

The Earl Cowper
The Right Honourable; ; The Earl Cowper
	The Earl Cowper by Zoffany.
Member of Parliament; for Hertford
	In office; 1759–1761
Preceded by	George Harrison
Succeeded by	Timothy Caswall; John Calvert
Personal details
Born	1738
Died	22 December 1789 (aged 51)
Resting place	Hertford, England
Nationality	English
Spouse(s)	Hannah Clavering-Cowper née Gore
Relations	William Clavering-Cowper, 2nd Earl (father); Henrietta Nassau d'Auverquerque (mother); Lady Caroline Cowper (sister)
Children	George Augustus Clavering-Cowper, 4th Earl; Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau Cowper, 5th Earl; The Hon. Edward Spencer Cowper
Residence	Villa Palmieri

George Nassau Clavering-Cowper, 3rd Earl Cowper (1738 – 22 December 1789) was an English peer who went on the Grand Tour as a young man, but actually emigrated. Despite becoming a member of parliament and inheriting lands and the title of Earl Cowper in England, he remained in Italy.[1] He amassed a valuable art collection and became a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.[1] He was a patron of the arts and science.

Biography

George Nassau Clavering-Cowper was the son of the 2nd Earl Cowper and the godson of George II.[2] He was educated at Eton College. His education was planned to be completed with a Grand Tour. This rite of passage for British aristocrats required that they tour the continent in the company of a tutor.

Clavering-Cowper was at the time known as Viscount Fordwich. Accompanied by his tutor, they travelled through France, the Netherlands, and Germany before Clavering-Cowper studied for two years in Switzerland.[3] Unlike other Grand Tourers, Fordwich was independent of his parents as he had inherited a fortune from his maternal grandfather in 1754. The tourers arrived in Florence on 7 July 1759.[1]

Fordwich's father was expectant of his return; he arranged for him to be elected as the Member of Parliament for Hertford in December 1759. However, Fordwich was establishing himself in Florentine society. By the following year his tutor, Jean Chastellain, asked for and was given permission to abandon his charge. The 2nd Earl gave Chastellain leave to return to his home town of Vevey.[1]

Florence

The Gore Family by Zoffany. Gore's daughter, Hannah, is top left, Gore is centre and the aspiring groom is the standing figure on the right

He married the sixteen-year-old Hannah Anne Gore, daughter of Charles Gore, on 2 June 1775. Their betrothal was commemorated with a painting by Zoffany commissioned by Fordwich's new father-in-law.[4] In 1780, he bought the Villa Palmieri in Fiesole which overlooks Florence.[1] They had three children; the first two would become the 4th and 5th Earl Cowper.

Although George Nassau Cowper had left his family's seats and his father in England he was not without connections. He had ambitions to be the British representative in Florence and he tried to increase his favour with the King. He sent a small painting to the King and also sent further copies of Italian works to England. The job he wanted was held by Sir Horace Mann who despite not being as much in favour as Cowper, was still the British Resident in Florence.[5] Cowper was successful in other ways.

Cowper was able to get himself made a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.[1] His title was Prince of Nassau d'Auverquerque (his mother had been born "Henrietta Nassau d'Auverquerque") and he was given permission by George III to adopt this title.

Cowper only returned to England once, and this was only a brief visit after over thirty years' absence. His arrival was so remarkable that it was reported on by Horace Walpole. In a letter to Sir Horace Mann he recounts that he was astounded to see...

… an English Earl who is more proud of a Pinchbeck Principality and a paltry order from Württemberg than he was of being a peer of Great Britain when Great Britain was something.[1]

Art collection

The Tribuna of the Uffizi

Cowper's art collection absorbed a great deal of his time and money. Among his most notable possessions are two paintings by Raphael. The first is known as the Small Cowper Madonna and the other is the Niccolini-Cowper Madonna. The latter is particularly remarkable in that he can be seen evaluating the painting in another painting. Tribuna of the Uffizi shows Cowper looking at the painting as it is offered by Johann Zoffany. Zoffany had purchased the painting from the Niccolini family in 1782 and sold it to Cowper in 1785.[6]

Zoffany was in Italy on a mission by the English Royal Family to paint the Tribuna. Zoffany lost his role as a court painter due to including figures in this commission. Reputedly Cowper was thought acceptable but the others were considered unnecessary.[7]

Cowper used Zoffany's expertise to increase the value of his art collection in addition to giving him commissions. Zoffany painted Cowper and his fiancée separately as well as including both of them in the painting commissioned by his father-in-law, Charles Gore. Artists Cowper collected included Giuseppe Antonio Fabrini, the landscape artist Francesco Zuccarelli, Jakob Philipp Hackert, and Hugh Primrose Dean. After 1778, Cowper purchased Fra Bartolommeo's Holy Family in 1779 and he also supported Joseph Plura, Innocenzo Spinazzi, Hugh Douglas Hamilton, and Jacob More.[3]

Patron

Cowper's support was not limited to artists. His cousin William Cowper, a noted poet, received a generous annuity from him.[2] Count Volta also received a complete laboratory from Cowper and they also had continued correspondence[8] as Cowper assisted Volta with translation for a paper presented to the Royal Society.

Death and legacy

Cowper died on 22 December 1789 at age 51 from dropsy.[4] His body was returned to England and buried in Hert. His title was taken by his eldest son, George Augustus . His second son, Peter Leopold Louis Francis Nassau, inherited that title in 1799 and held it for another 38 years, which denied the title to Cowper's last son, Edward Spencer.[4]

gollark: Actually, no, bees originated in April-ish and apioforms in July.

gollark: I live in the UK, but my peer group is essentially just some hard-to-define slice through the internet, so it's hard to say what standard should be used.

gollark: The arbitrary political compasses?

gollark: I'm mostly libertarian and slightly right leaning.

gollark: Not particularly.

References

Gibson, Elizabeth (July 1987). "Earl Cowper in Florence and His Correspondence with the Italian Opera in London". Music & Letters. 68 (3): 235–252. JSTOR 736935. (subscription required)
The poetical works of William Cowper, William Cowper, John Bruce, Volume 3, p.clxx. Retrieved May 2010
Hugh Belsey, 'Cowper, George Nassau Clavering, third Earl Cowper (1738–1789)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 26 April 2010
Burkes peerage. Retrieved April 2010
Hugh Belsey, 'Mann, Sir Horatio, first baronet (bap. 1706, d. 1786)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2009
The Niccolini-Cowper Madonna, 1508 Archived 19 December 2012 at WebCite, National Gallery, London. Retrieved May 2010
The Tribuna of the Uffizi, The Royal Collection. Retrieved May 2010
The Third Earl Cowper: an English patron of science in 18th century Florence and his correspondence with Alessandro Volta. Italian Stud. 16:1–34. Dragoni G.(1994) in Proceedings of the 11th International Scientific Instruments Symposium, Bologna 1991, Lord George Cowper's 18th century cabinet of physics, eds Dragoni G., McConnell A., Turner L’E.pp 191–199.

Parliament of Great Britain
Preceded by George Harrison	Member of Parliament for Hertford Together with Nathaniel Brassey 1759–1761	Succeeded by Timothy Caswall John Calvert
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by William Clavering-Cowper	Earl Cowper 1764–1789	Succeeded by George Augustus Clavering-Cowper

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[gibson-1] Gibson, Elizabeth (July 1987). "Earl Cowper in Florence and His Correspondence with the Italian Opera in London". Music & Letters. 68 (3): 235–252. JSTOR 736935. (subscription required)

[bruce-2] The poetical works of William Cowper, William Cowper, John Bruce, Volume 3, p.clxx. Retrieved May 2010

[odnb-3] Hugh Belsey, 'Cowper, George Nassau Clavering, third Earl Cowper (1738–1789)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 26 April 2010

[peerage-4] Burkes peerage. Retrieved April 2010

[ODNB-5] Hugh Belsey, 'Mann, Sir Horatio, first baronet (bap. 1706, d. 1786)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2009

[6] The Niccolini-Cowper Madonna, 1508 Archived 19 December 2012 at WebCite, National Gallery, London. Retrieved May 2010

[rc-7] The Tribuna of the Uffizi, The Royal Collection. Retrieved May 2010

[volta-8] The Third Earl Cowper: an English patron of science in 18th century Florence and his correspondence with Alessandro Volta. Italian Stud. 16:1–34. Dragoni G.(1994) in Proceedings of the 11th International Scientific Instruments Symposium, Bologna 1991, Lord George Cowper's 18th century cabinet of physics, eds Dragoni G., McConnell A., Turner L’E.pp 191–199.