Gaucho

A gaucho (Spanish: [ˈɡawtʃo]) or gaúcho (Portuguese: [ɡaˈuʃu]) is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly. The gaucho is a national symbol in Argentina and Uruguay, but is also a strong culture in Paraguay and southern Brazil and Chile. Gauchos became greatly admired and renowned in legends, folklore and literature and became an important part of their regional cultural tradition. Beginning late in the 19th century, after the heyday of the gauchos, they were celebrated by South American writers.

For other uses, see Gaucho (disambiguation).
Gaucho from Argentina, photographed in Peru, 1868

The gaucho in some respects resembled members of other nineteenth century rural, horse-based cultures such as the North American cowboy (vaquero in Spanish), the Chilean huaso, the Peruvian chalan or morochuco, the Venezuelan or Colombian llanero, the Hawaiian paniolo,[1] the Mexican charro or the Portuguese campino.

According to the Diccionario de la lengua española, in its historical sense a gaucho was "a mestizo who, in the 18th and 19th centuries, inhabited Argentina and Uruguay was a migratory horseman, and adept in cattle work".[2] In Argentina and Uruguay today a gaucho is, according to the same source, simply "A country person, experienced in traditional livestock farming".[3] Because historical gauchos were reputed to be brave, if unruly, the word is also applied metaphorically to mean "Noble, brave and generous",[4] but also "One who is skilful in subtle tricks, crafty".[5] In Portuguese the word gaúcho (note the accent) means "An inhabitant of the plains of Rio Grande do Sul or the pampas of Argentina descended from European man and aboriginal woman who devotes himself to lassoing and raising cattle and horses";[6] and in Brazil gaúcho has also acquired a metonymic signification, meaning anyone, even an urban dweller, who is a citizen of the State of Rio Grande do Sul.[7] In its purest sense, gaucho referred to the nomadic, often outlaw inhabitants of the great plains of Argentina and Uruguay. In current usage, gaucho usually designates the rural rancher in general."[8]

Etymology
The earliest securely dated depiction of an Uruguayan gaucho. From Picturesque Illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video by Emeric Essex Vidal (1820)
Gaucho in ring lancing contest, Buenos Aires Province

There are several hypotheses concerning the origin of the term. It may derive from the Spanish term chaucho, in turn derived from a Turkish low-rank military term Chiaus (çavuş), through Arabic shawsh which became broadly applied to any guard/watcher or aide.[9] The first recorded use of the term dates to Argentine independence in 1816. Another scenario indicates the word may derive from the Portuguese gaudério, which was designated to the inhabitants of the vast regions of Rio Grande do Sul and Río de la Plata in the 18th century or the Portuguese garrucho that points to an instrument used by the gauchos to trap and hamstring cattle. The 18th century chronicler Alonso Carrió de la Vandera speaks of gauderios when it mentions the gauchos or huasos as poorly dressed men.

Another plausible origin is from a South American indigenous language, such as Mapudungun cauchu ("vagrant", "wanderer"), kauču ("friend"), or Quechua wahcha ("vagabond", "poor person”) which means the state of being lonely in the wilderness.

Horsemanship

An essential attribute of a gaucho was that he was a skilled horseman. "He has taken his first lessons in riding before he is well able to walk".[10] Without a horse the gaucho himself felt unmanned. The naturalist William Henry Hudson (who was born on the Pampas of Buenos Aires province) recorded that the gauchos of his childhood used to say that a man without a horse was a man without legs.[11] He described meeting a blind gaucho who was obliged to beg for his food yet behaved with dignity and went about on horseback.[12] Richard W. Slatta, the author of a scholarly work about gauchos,[lower-alpha 1] notes that the gaucho used horses to collect, mark, drive or tame cattle, to draw fishing nets, to hunt ostriches, to snare partridges, to draw well water, and even − with the help of his friends − to ride to his own burial.[13]

By reputation the quintessential gaucho caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas could throw his hat on the ground and scoop it up while galloping his horse, without touching the saddle with his hand.[14] For the gaucho, the horse was absolutely essential to his survival for, said Hudson: "he must every day traverse vast distances, see quickly, judge rapidly, be ready at all times to encounter hunger and fatigue, violent changes of temperature, great and sudden perils".[15]

A popular copla was:

Mi caballo y mi mujer
viajaron para Salta,
el caballo que se vuelva,
mi mujer que no me hace falta.[16]

My horse and my woman
Went off to Salta
May the horse return
For I don't need my woman.

It was the gaucho's passion to own all his steeds in matching colours. Hudson recalled:

The gaucho, from the poorest worker on horseback to the largest owner of lands and cattle, has, or had in those days, a fancy for having all his riding-horses of one colour. Every man as a rule had his tropilla — his own half a dozen or a dozen or more saddle-horses, and he would have them all as nearly alike as possible, so that one man had chestnuts, another browns, bays, silver- or iron-greys, duns, fawns, cream-noses, or blacks, or whites, or piebalds.[17]

The caudillo El Chacho Peñalosa described the low point of his life as "In Chile − and on foot!" (En Chile y a pie.)[18]

Culture
Main article: Gaucho culture
Gauchos drinking mate and playing the guitar in the Argentine Pampas
Segundo Ramírez, who inspired Ricardo Güiraldes to write Don Segundo Sombra

The gaucho plays an important symbolic role in the nationalist feelings of this region, especially that of Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The epic poem Martín Fierro by José Hernández (considered by some[19] the national epic of Argentina) used the gaucho as a symbol against corruption and of Argentine national tradition, pitted against Europeanising tendencies. Martín Fierro, the hero of the poem, is drafted into the Argentine military for a border war, deserts, and becomes an outlaw and fugitive. The image of the free gaucho is often contrasted to the slaves who worked the northern Brazilian lands. Further literary descriptions are found in Ricardo Güiraldes' Don Segundo Sombra. Like the North American cowboys, as discussed in Richard W. Slatta, Cowboys of the Americas, gauchos were generally reputed to be strong, honest, silent types, but proud and capable of violence when provoked. The gaucho tendency to violence over petty matters is also recognized as a typical trait. Gauchos' use of the famous "facón" (large knife generally tucked into the rear of the gaucho sash) is legendary, often associated with considerable bloodletting. Historically, the facón was typically the only eating instrument that a gaucho carried.

Also like the cowboy, as shown in Richard W. Slatta, Cowboys of the Americas, gauchos were and remain proud and great horseriders. Typically, a gaucho's horse constituted most of what he owned in the world. During the wars of the 19th century in the Southern Cone, the cavalries on all sides were composed almost entirely of gauchos. In Argentina, gaucho armies such as that of Martín Miguel de Güemes, slowed Spanish advances. Furthermore, many caudillos relied on gaucho armies to control the Argentine provinces.

The gaucho diet was composed almost entirely of beef while on the range, supplemented by yerba mate (erva-mate in Portuguese), an herbal infusion made from the leaves of a South American tree, a type of holly rich in caffeine and nutrients.

Gauchos[20] dressed quite distinctly from North American cowboys, and used bolas or boleadoras - in Portuguese boleadeiras - (three leather bound rocks tied together with approximately three feet long leather straps) in addition to the familiar "North American" lariat or riata. The typical gaucho outfit would include a poncho (which doubled as a saddle blanket and as sleeping gear), a facón (large knife), a rebenque (leather whip), and loose-fitting trousers called bombachas, belted with a tirador, or a chiripá, a loincloth. During winters, gauchos wore heavy wool ponchos to protect against cold.

Their tasks were basically to move the cattle between grazing fields, or to market sites such as the port of Buenos Aires. The yerra consists of branding the animal with the owner’s sign. The taming of animals was another of their usual activities. Taming was a trade especially appreciated throughout Argentina and competitions to domesticate wild foal remained in force at festivals. The majority of Gauchos were illiterate and considered as countrymen.[21]

Gauchos also drank a typical drink called mate, traditionally prepared in a hollowed-out gourd and sipped through a mate metal straw called a bombilla. The water for mate was heated (without boiling) on a stove in a kettle. [22]

Modern influences


Gauchito (a boy in the Argentine colors and a gaucho hat) was the mascot for the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

  • Gaucho in authentic clothing, 1840s.
  • Argentine Pampas gauchos training for the Esgrima Criolla.
  • Un alto en el campo (1861) by Prilidiano Pueyrredon.
  • La Posta de San Luis by Juan León Pallière (1858).
  • Two gauchos in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1880.
  • Folklore dance: Zamba, Argentina. Gaucho.
  • Emperor Pedro II of Brazil in typical Gaúcho outfit.
  • Gauchos in Corrientes province, Argentina.
  • A Gaucho payador.
  • Brazilian gaúcho with typical clothing at the 2006 Farroupilha Parade.
  • Argentine gauchos in the city of Salta.
  • Gauchos in the Federalist Revolution (1893 to 1895).
  • Gauchos dancing in full outfit (2012)
  • Gaúchos with Criollo horses in Brazil, 2007
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See also

Notes
  1. The work has been peer-reviewed by Adelman, 1993; Collier, 1988; Lynch, 1984; Reber, 1984.

References
  1. Slatta, Auld and Melrose.
  2. Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, Tri-Centennial Edition, Gaucho, sense 5. ("Mestizo que, en los siglos XVIII y XIX, habitaba la Uruguay era jinete transhumante y diestro en los trabajos ganaderos.") accessed 4 February 2017.
  3. Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, Gaucho, sense 6.
  4. Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, Gaucho, sense 1.
  5. Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, Gaucho, sense 4.
  6. Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Gaúcho.
  7. Oliven, Ruben George (2000). ""The Largest Popular Culture Movement in the Western World": Intellectuals and Gaúcho Traditionalism in Brazil". American Ethnologist. Wiley for the American Anthropological Association. 27 (1): 128–146. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.128. JSTOR 647129., p.129.
  8. Shumway, 12.
  9. This is rather an implausible origin given that in Spanish loanwords from Arabic, the gau is often a transformation from the Arabic letter waw (W).
  10. Christison, p. 39.
  11. Hudson, 1918, p. 23.
  12. Hudson, 1918, p. 24.
  13. Slatta, pp. 25-27.
  14. Cunninghame Graham, 1914, p. 5.
  15. Hudson, 1895, p. 356.
  16. Arnoldi and Hernández, p. 177.
  17. Hudson, 1918, p. 160.
  18. Sarmiento, p. 14.
  19. Leopoldo Lugones 1 in "El Payador" (1916)2 and Ricardo Rojas 3 established the canonical view regarding the Martín Fierro as the National Epic of Argentina. The consequences of these considerations are discussed by Jorge Luis Borges in his essay "El Martín Fierro". An assessment of the years-long discussion here Archived 2007-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, since p. 18
  20. South-images.com Photos: gauchos in Argentina, Photo library South-Images
  21. Gauchos and Foreigners : Glossing Culture and Identity in the Argentine Countryside.
  22. "El gaucho en Uruguay y su contribución a la literatura".

Bibliography


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