Fugaku (supercomputer)

Fugaku (Japanese: 富岳) — named after an alternative name for Mount Fuji — is a petascale supercomputer at the RIKEN Center for Computational Science in Kobe, Japan. It started development in 2014 as the successor to the K computer, and it is scheduled to start operating in 2021,[4] although parts of the computer were put into operation in June 2020.[5] It is the fastest supercomputer in the world in the TOP500 list.[6]

Fugaku
ActiveFrom 2021
SponsorsMEXT
OperatorsRIKEN
LocationRIKEN Center for Computational Science (R-CCS)
Architecture
  • 158,976 nodes
  • Fujitsu A64FX CPU (48+4 core) per node
  • Tofu interconnect D
Operating systemCustom Linux-based kernel
MemoryHBM2 32 GiB/node
Storage
  • 1.6 TB NVMe SSD/16 nodes (L1)
  • 150 PB Shared Lustre FS (L2)[1]
  • Cloud storage services (L3)
Speed415 PFLOPS (per TOP500 Rmax)
CostUS$1 billion (total programme cost)[2][3]
RankingTOP500: 1, June 2020
Web sitewww.r-ccs.riken.jp/en/fugaku
SourcesFugaku System Configuration
PRIMEHPC FX1000 (Fugaku node) at SC19

Hardware

The supercomputer is built with the Fujitsu A64FX microprocessor. This CPU is based on the ARM version 8.2A processor architecture, and adopts the Scalable Vector Extensions for supercomputers.[7] Fugaku was aimed to be about 100 times more powerful than the K computer (i.e. a performance target of 1 exaFLOPS) and have a high level of practicability in the world.[8][9] Fugaku uses 158,976 A64FX CPUs joined together using Fujitsu's proprietary torus fusion interconnect.[6]

The final reported performance of Fugaku is a Rpeak of 0.54 exaFLOPS in the FP64 used by the TOP500.[6]

Software

Fugaku will use a "light-weight multi-kernel operating system" named IHK/McKernel. The operating system uses both Linux and the McKernel light-weight kernel operating simultaneously and side-by-side. The infrastructure that both kernels run on is termed the Interface for Heterogeneous Kernels (IHK). The high-performance simulations are run on McKernel, with Linux available for all other POSIX-compatible services.[10][11][12]

History

On May 23, 2019, RIKEN announced that the supercomputer was to be named Fugaku.[13] In August 2019, the logo for Fugaku was unveiled; it depicts Mount Fuji, symbolising "Fugaku's high performance" and "the wide range of its users".[4][14] In November 2019, the prototype of Fugaku won first place in the Green500 list.[15][16] Shipment of the equipment racks to the RIKEN facility began on December 2, 2019,[17] and was completed on May 13, 2020.[18] In June 2020, Fugaku became the fastest supercomputer in the world in the TOP500 list, displacing the IBM Summit.[6]

Cost

In 2018 Nikkei reported the programme would cost ¥130 billion (c. US$1 billion ).[3] The cost of the programme has caused significant controversy: in June 2020 the New York Times reported criticism of the expense, and that similar near-future exascale supercomputers would cost less and overtake Fugaku's performance.[2]

Comparison
Performance and cost comparison chart against computers ranked #1 in TOP500
Name Start Year End Year Performance
（PFLOPS)[note 1]		 Cost
（Million USD）		 TOP500 Ranking CPU/GPU Vendor CPU OS
Fugaku2020-4151213[3][note 2]June 2020 1stFujitsuA64FXCustom Linux-based kernel
Summit2018-148300[19]June 2018 to November 2019 1st IBM, NVIDIAPOWER9, TeslaLinux (RedHat)
Sierra2018-94November 2018 to November 2019 2nd
Sunway TaihuLight2016-93280[20]June 2016 to November 2017 1st NRCPCSunway SW26010Linux (Raise)
K20112019101045[21]June 2011 - November 2011 1stFujitsuSPARC64 VIIIfxLinux
  1. This is based on the TOP500 Rmax measurement using the LINPACK benchmark at FP64 precision
  2. This is the total programme cost rather, involving the creation of the technologies, rather than just for the machine
gollark: Although what was "high-end server" specs eight years ago is now "mid-low-end desktop".
gollark: It would actually be more expensive, even counting the difference in power costs, to build a new server with modern hardware.
gollark: Yep!
gollark: Yep, it's an old enterprise server.
gollark: It's times like these when I wish technically better voxel games had actually taken off.

See also

References
  1. "Post-K (Fugaku) Information". Fujitsu. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  2. Clark, Don (22 June 2020). "Japanese Supercomputer Is Crowned World's Speediest". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  3. Takei, Tomohisa (14 September 2018). "お値段1300億円のポスト「京」、IT業界は今度こそ生かせるか". 日経クロステック（xTECH） (in Japanese). Nikkei. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  4. "スーパーコンピュータ「富岳」プロジェクト" (in Japanese). 理化学研究所. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  5. "Supercomputer Fugaku, named after Mt. Fuji, makes its debut". The Asahi Shimbun. 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  6. Cutress, Dr Ian (22 June 2020). "New #1 Supercomputer: Fujitsu's Fugaku and A64FX take Arm to the Top with 415 PetaFLOPs". www.anandtech.com. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  7. "ポスト「京」のCPUの仕様を公表" (in Japanese). 富士通. 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  8. "スパコン「京」後継機は「富岳」 計算性能100倍、21年稼働". 毎日新聞 (in Japanese). 2019-05-23. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  9. "Fugaku Remakes Exascale Computing In Its Own Image". 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
  10. "Outline of the Development of the Supercomputer Fugaku". RIKEN Center for Computational Science. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  11. "McKernel". RIKEN. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  12. mckernel on GitHub
  13. "ポスト「京」の名称 「富岳（ふがく）」に決定" (in Japanese). 理化学研究所. 2019-05-23. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
  14. "R-CCS announced the Fugaku logo | RIKEN Center for Computational Science RIKEN Website". www.r-ccs.riken.jp. RIKEN Center for Computational Science. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  15. "November 2019". TOP500.org. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
  16. "Fugaku prototype named greenest supercomputer". RIKEN. 2019-11-18. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
  17. "Fujitsu Begins Shipping Supercomputer Fugaku". Fujitsu. 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  18. "Delivery of the Supercomputer Fugaku has been Completed". RIKEN Center for Computational Science. 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  19. 3億2500万ドルスパコン「TOP500」、IBM製「Summit」で米が中国を抜き首位に返り咲き
  20. 開発費 約18億元 頂上極めた「富岳」の次の挑戦、日本が強い分野の開発に生かせるか
  21. 「２位じゃダメ」のスパコン京、見納め　６年超す長寿で
Records
Preceded by
IBM Summit		 World's most powerful supercomputer
June 2020 -		 Incumbent
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