Free Trade Hall

The Free Trade Hall on Peter Street, Manchester, England, was a public hall, constructed in 1853–56 on St Peter’s Fields, the site of the Peterloo Massacre. It is now a Radisson hotel.

Free Trade Hall
The Free Trade Hall
General information
StatusGrade II* listed building
Architectural stylePalazzo
LocationManchester, England
Construction started1853
Completed1856
Design and construction
ArchitectEdward Walters

The hall was built to commemorate the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. The architect was Edward Walters.[1] The hall was owned by the Manchester Corporation. It was bombed in the Manchester Blitz; its interior was rebuilt and was Manchester's premier concert venue until the construction of the Bridgewater Hall in 1996. The hall was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1963.[2]

History

The Free Trade Hall was built as a public hall between 1853 and 1856 by Edward Walters on land given by Richard Cobden in St Peter's Fields, the site of the Peterloo Massacre. Two earlier halls had been constructed on the site, the first, a large timber pavilion was built in 1840, and its brick replacement built in 1842.[2][3] The halls were "vital to Manchester's considerable role in the long campaign for the repeal of the Corn Laws.[1] The hall was funded by public subscription and became a concert hall and home of the Hallé Orchestra in 1858. A red plaque records that it was built on the site of the Peterloo Massacre in 1819.[2]

The Free Trade Hall was bought by Manchester Corporation in 1920; but was bombed and left an empty shell in the Manchester Blitz of December 1940. A new hall was constructed behind two walls of the original facade in 1950–51 by Manchester City Council's architect, L. C. Howitt.[4] opening as a concert hall in 1951. As well as housing the Hallé Orchestra, it was used for pop and rock concerts. A Wurlitzer organ from the Paramount Cinema in Manchester was installed over four years and first used in public in a BBC programme broadcast in September 1977. When the hall closed, the organ, which was on loan, was moved to the great hall in Stockport Town Hall.[5] The Hallé Orchestra moved to the Bridgewater Hall in 1996 and the Free Trade Hall was closed by Manchester City Council.

In 1997 the building was sold to private developers despite resistance from groups such as the Manchester Civic Society, who viewed the sale as inappropriate given the historical significance of the building and its site. After the initial planning application was refused by the Secretary of State, a second modified planning application was submitted and approved. Walters' original facade was retained, behind which architects Stephenson Bell designed a 263-bedroom hotel, demolishing Howitt's post-war hall but preserving the main staircase and the 1950s statues that were formerly attached to its rear wall. The hotel opened in 2004, having cost £45 million.[3]

Architecture
The façade of the Free Trade Hall

The Italian palazzo-style hall was built on a trapeziform site in ashlar sandstone. It has a two-storey, nine-bay facade and concealed roof. On Peter Street, its ground floor arcade has rectangular piers with round-headed arches and spandrels bearing the coats of arms of Lancashire towns that took part in the Anti-Corn Law movement. The upper floor has a colonnaded arcade, its tympana frieze is richly decorated with carved figures representing free trade, the arts, commerce, manufacture and the continents. Above the tympanum is a prominent cornice with balustraded parapet. The upper floor has paired Ionic columns to each bay and a tall window with a pedimented architrave behind a balustraded balcony.[2] The return sides have three bays in a matching but simpler style of blank arches. The rear wall was rebuilt in 1950–51 with pilasters surmounted by relief figures representing the entertainment which took place in the old hall. The Large Hall was in a classical style with a coffered ceiling, the walls had wood panelling in oak, walnut and sycamore. Pevsner described it as "the noblest monument in the Cinquecento style in England", whilst Hartwell considered it "a classic which belongs in the canon of historic English architecture."[4]

After its closure, the hall was sold and after a protracted planning process and consultations with English Heritage, its conversion to a hotel was agreed. During the hotel's construction, the Windmill Street and Southmill Street facades were demolished and the north block retained and connected by a triangular glazed atrium to a 15-storey block clad in stone and glass. Artifacts salvaged from the old hall, including 1950s statues by Arthur Sherwood Edwards and framed wall plaster autographed by past performers, decorate the atrium light well.[3]

Events
A commemorative plaque on the side of the Manchester Free Trade Hall

The Free Trade Hall was a venue for public meetings and political speeches and a concert hall. Charles Dickens performed here in the summer of 1857 in Wilkie Collins's play The Frozen Deep. In 1872 Benjamin Disraeli gave his One Nation speech. In 1904, Winston Churchill delivered a speech at the hall defending Britain's policy of free trade. The Times called it "one of the most powerful and brilliant he has made."[6] In 1905 the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) activists, Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney were ejected from a meeting addressed by the Liberal politician Sir Edward Grey, who repeatedly refused to answer their question on Votes for Women. Christabel Pankhurst immediately began an impromptu meeting outside, and when the police moved them on, contrived to be arrested and brought to court. So began the militant WSPU campaign for the vote.[7]

After Sir Charles Hallé founded the Hallé Orchestra in 1858, its home was the Free Trade Hall until the hall was damaged in the Manchester Blitz. The Hallé performed at the reopening in 1951 with the Orchestra's musical director and conductor, Sir John Barbirolli who remained until 1970. The final concert there was in 1996.[8] Kathleen Ferrier sang at the re-opening of the Free Trade Hall in 1951, ending with a performance of Elgar's "Land of Hope and Glory", the only performance of that piece in her career.

Bob Dylan played here in 1965, and again in 1966,[9] the occasion of the "Judas!" shout.[10] In the late 60s Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention, The Moody Blues, Tyrannosaurus Rex, (Marc Bolan) and The Dubliners played there amongst others. Pink Floyd played on five occasions as did Genesis on January 30, 1971 (during the Six Bob Tour together with Lindisfarne and Van der Graaf Generator) as well as in February 1973.[9] On 4 June 1976, the Lesser Free Trade Hall was the venue for a concert by the Sex Pistols at the start of the punk rock movement.[9][11]

This concert would prove influential as it inspired bands such as Joy Division, The Smiths, and The Fall.[12]

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See also

Notes
  1. Hartwell (2001), p. 92
  2. Historic England, "Free Trade Hall (1246666)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 13 October 2011
  3. Manchester's Free Trade Hall is a building ..., Urban Realm, retrieved 13 October 2011
  4. Hartwell (2001), p. 93
  5. The Stockport Publix One Wurlitze r, The Lancastrian Theatre Organ Trust, archived from the original on 8 October 2009, retrieved 14 October 2011
  6. The Free Trade League, Winston Churchill.org, archived from the original on 7 October 2011, retrieved 13 October 2011
  7. "Suppression of the W. S. P. U.". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. British Newspaper Archive. 1 May 1913. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  8. Our history, The Hallé, retrieved 2 July 2013
  9. Kellie (2010), p. 175
  10. Bob Dylan is accused of being a 'Judas', The Guardian, 12 June 2011, retrieved 2 July 2013
  11. Sex Pistols gig: the truth, BBC Manchester, retrieved 13 October 2011
  12. Four Manchester bands we owe to the Sex Pistols' Lesser Free Trade Hall gig 40 years ago, Manchester Evening News, retrieved 4 June 2020

References
  • Hartwell, Clare (2001), Manchester, Pevsner Architectural Guides, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-071131-7
  • Kellie, Euan (2010), Rebuilding Manchester, DB Publishing, ISBN 978-1-85983-786-3
  • Wyke, Terry (1996), A Hall For All Seasons: A History of the Free Trade Hall, Charles Hallé Foundation, ISBN 978-0-9528003-1-6

Media related to Free Trade Hall at Wikimedia Commons

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