Frederic John Walker

Captain Frederic John Walker, CB, DSO & Three Bars (3 June 1896 – 9 July 1944) (his first name is given as Frederick in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography[1] and some London Gazette entries) was a Royal Navy officer noted for his exploits during the Second World War. Walker was the most successful anti-submarine warfare commander during the Battle of the Atlantic and was known more popularly as Johnnie Walker (for the Johnnie Walker brand of whisky).

For the English cricketer, see Frederic Walker.

Frederic John Walker
Captain Frederic Walker c.1944
Nickname(s)	"Johnnie"
Born	(1896-06-03)3 June 1896 Plymouth, England
Died	9 July 1944(1944-07-09) (aged 48) Seaforth, Merseyside, England
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1909–1944
Rank	Captain
Commands held	HMS Shikari (1933) HMS Falmouth (1933–1935) HMS Stork (1941–1942) 36th Escort Group (1941–1942) HMS Starling (1943–1944) 2nd Support Group (1943–1944)
Battles/wars	First World War Second World War Operation Dynamo Battle of the Atlantic
Awards	Companion of the Order of the Bath Distinguished Service Order & Three Bars Mentioned in Despatches (3)

Early life and career

Walker was born in Plymouth, the son of Frederic Murray and Lucy Selina (née Scriven) Walker. He joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1909 and was educated at the Royal Naval Colleges at Osborne and Dartmouth, where he excelled. First serving on the battleship Ajax as a midshipman, Walker as a sub-lieutenant went on to join the destroyers Mermaid and Sarpedon in 1916 and 1917 respectively. Following the end of the First World War, Walker joined the Queen Elizabeth-class battleship Valiant. He married Jessica Eileen Ryder Stobart, with whom he had three sons and a daughter.[1]

Interwar Period, 1920s–1930s

During the interwar period Walker entered the field of anti-submarine warfare. He took a course at the newly founded anti-submarine warfare training school of HMS Osprey, on the Isle of Portland, which was established in 1924. Walker consequently became an expert in this particular type of warfare, and was appointed to a post specialising in this field, serving on a number of capital ships. In May 1933 he was promoted to commander and took charge of the First World War destroyer Shikari. In December 1933 Walker took command of the Shoreham-class sloop Falmouth based on the China Station. In April 1937 Walker became the Experimental Commander at HMS Osprey.

Second World War

When the Second World War began, in 1939, Walker's career seemed at an end. Still a commander, he had been passed over for promotion to captain and indeed had been scheduled for early retirement. He gained a reprieve, however, due to the commencement of war and in 1940 was appointed as Operations Staff Officer to Vice-Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay. Even so, Walker still had not been given a command, despite expertise in antisubmarine warfare that would no doubt be indispensable in the Battle of the Atlantic. During Walker's time in that role the Operation Dynamo evacuation took place from Dunkirk, in which the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was evacuated from France. The evacuation was a success with over 330,000 British and French troops being rescued and brought back to England, or to Brittany. He was Mentioned in Despatches for his work during this operation.[2]

Walker received his own command in October 1941, taking control of the 36th Escort Group, commanding from the Bittern-class sloop Stork. The escort group comprised two sloops (including Stork) and six corvettes and was based in Liverpool, the home of the Western Approaches Command. Initially his Group was primarily used to escort convoys to and from Gibraltar.

Walker's first chance to test his innovative methods against the U-boat menace came in December when his group escorted Convoy HG 76 (32 ships). During the journey five U-boats were sunk, four by Walker's group, including U-574 which was depth-charged and rammed by Walker's own ship on 19 December. The Royal Navy's loss during the Battle for HG 76 was one escort carrier, Audacity, formerly the German vessel Hannover; one destroyer, Stanley, and two merchant ships. This is sometimes described as the first true Allied convoy victory in the Battle of the Atlantic. He was given the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 6 January 1942, "For daring, skill and determination while escorting to this country a valuable Convoy in the face of relentless attacks from the Enemy, during which three of their Submarines were sunk and two aircraft destroyed by our forces".[3] Walker's group succeeded in sinking at least three more U-boats during his tenure as commander of the 36th Group. He was awarded the first Bar to his DSO in July 1942.[4]

HMS Starling

During 1942, Walker left the 36th Group and became Captain (D) Liverpool, granting him some time to recuperate. He finally returned to a ship command when he became commander of the 2nd Support Group in 1943, consisting of six sloops. Walker led from Starling, a newly commissioned Black Swan-class sloop. The group was intended to act as reinforcement to convoys under attack, with the capacity to actively hunt and destroy U-boats, rather than be restricted to escorting convoys. Walker had suggested the innovative idea to the Commander-in-Chief Western Approaches Command, Sir Max Horton. The combination of an active hunting group and a charismatic, determined, and innovative anti-submarine specialist such as Walker proved to be a potent force. One eccentric aspect of his charismatic nature was the playing of the tune A Hunting We Will Go over the ship's Tannoy when returning to its base.

In June 1943 Walker's own ship Starling was responsible for the sinking of two U-boats. The first, U-202, was destroyed on 2 June by depth charges and gunfire, and the other, U-119, on 24 June by depth charges and ramming. Another U-boat, U-449, was sunk by his group on the same day. On 30 July, Walker's group encountered a group of three U-boats on the surface (two were vital type XIV replenishment boats known as "Milk Cows") while in the Bay of Biscay. He signalled the "General Chase" to his group and fired at them, causing damage that prevented them from diving. Two of the submarines, U-462, a Type XIV, and U-504, a Type IX/C40, were then sunk by Walker's group, and the second Type XIV, U-461, by an Australian Short Sunderland flying boat.

Walker using a loud hailer to encourage one of the ships under his command during an attack on a submarine in early 1944

Upon his return to Liverpool, Walker was informed that his son, Timothy Walker, had been killed when the submarine HMS Parthian was lost in early August 1943 in the Mediterranean Sea. On 14 September 1943, Walker was appointed as a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) "for leadership and daring in command of H.M.S. Starling in successful actions against Enemy submarines in the Atlantic."[5]

HMS Kite of Escort 2 conducting a depth charge attack

On 6 November 1943 Walker's group sank U-226 and U-842. In early 1944 Walker's group displayed its efficiency against U-boats by sinking six in one patrol. On 31 January 1944 Walker's group gained its first kill of the year when it sank U-592. On 9 February his group sank U-762, U-238, and U-734 in one action, then sank U-424 on 11 February, and U-264 on 19 February. On 20 February 1944 one ship of Walker's group, HMS Woodpecker, was torpedoed and sank seven days later while being towed home. All of her crewmen were saved. They returned to their base at Liverpool to the thrilled jubilation of the city's inhabitants and the Admiralty. The First Lord of the Admiralty was present to greet Walker and his ships. Walker was promoted to captain and awarded a second bar to his DSO.[6]

In March 1944 Walker's group provided the escort for the U.S. Navy light cruiser USS Milwaukee which was on its way to Russia as part of the Lend-Lease programme. Walker's group sank two U-boats on the outward trip, and a third on the return trip. Walker's last duty was protecting the fleet from U-boats during the Normandy landings, the immense Allied invasion of France. This he did successfully for two weeks; no U-boats managed to get past Walker and his vessels, and many U-boats were sunk or damaged in the process. During this concerted effort Walker's dedication to his tasks was tremendous; he took no respite from his duties, which ultimately contributed to his death. He was awarded the third bar on his DSO on 13 June 1944,[7] and was again Mentioned in Despatches on 20 June 1944.[8]

Methods

One highly successful tactic employed by Walker was the creeping attack, in which two ships would work together to keep contact with a U–boat while attacking. A refinement of this was the barrage attack, in which three or more sloops in line to launch depth charges to saturate the area with depth charges in a manner similar to a rolling barrage by artillery in advance of an infantry attack. Walker was also adept at, once having contact with a U-boat, keeping it at depth below depth charge detonation range, until it needed to surface due to running out of air or battery, and then defeating it.[9]

Death

Walker suffered a cerebral thrombosis on 7 July 1944, and he died two days later at the Naval Hospital at Seaforth, Merseyside, at the age of 48. His death was attributed to overwork and exhaustion.

His funeral service took place at the Liverpool Anglican Cathedral with full naval honours, being attended by about 1,000 people. A naval procession followed escorting the body through the streets of the city to the docks, where it was embarked aboard the destroyer Hesperus, for a burial at sea.[10] As Walker's Group had already steamed out for combat duty, most of the naval personnel who manned the funeral procession were from the Royal Canadian Navy.

A final honour bestowed upon Walker was a posthumous Mention in Despatches on 1 August 1944.[11]

Legacy

Statue of Frederic John Walker at the Pier Head, Liverpool

Walker sank more U-boats during the Battle of the Atlantic than any other British or Allied commander. In 1998 a statue by Liverpool sculptor Tom Murphy of Captain Johnnie Walker in a typical pose was unveiled at the Pier Head in Liverpool by the Duke of Edinburgh. The campaign for the statue had been launched by the Captain Walker's Old Boys Association. Members of the Association met in Liverpool during the 60th Anniversary of the victory of the Battle of the Atlantic in 2003 to commemorate their comrades.

Johnnie Walker's grandson, Patrick Walker, continues the Walker association with the Royal Navy (now retired). He is also a submariner and has achieved the rank of captain of the First Submarine Squadron. He is also President of the Captain Walker's Old Boys Association dedicated to Captain Walker and the men who served with him. The Association disbanded in 2004 as many of the members were now too old to attend. The Standard is now on display in Bootle Town Hall along with many memorabilia of Walkers ships. Starling's bell is rung to commence each Council Meeting. Walker was to be promoted to Admiral, given a Fleet and sent to the Pacific.

Honours and awards

Date	Honour / award	Rank	Description	Notes
16 August 1940	Mentioned in Despatches	Commander
6 January 1942	Companion of the Distinguished Service Order		For daring, skill and determination while escorting to this country a valuable Convoy in the face of relentless attacks from the enemy, during which three of their Submarines were sunk and two aircraft destroyed by our forces.	[12]
30 July 1942	Bar to the Distinguished Service Order	Captain	For leadership and skill in action against enemy submarines while serving in H.M. Ships Stork and Vetch. Second DSO awarded as a bar for on the ribbon of the first DSO.	[13]
14 September 1943	Companion of the Order of the Bath		For leadership and daring in command of H.M.S. Starling in successful actions against enemy submarines in the Atlantic.
22 February 1944	Second Bar to the Distinguished Service Order		For gallant and distinguished services in the destruction of two U-boats while serving in H.M. Ships Starling, Kite, Wildgoose and Woodcock, patrolling in the North Atlantic.	[14]
13 June 1944	Third Bar to the Distinguished Service Order		For outstanding leadership, skill and determination in H.M. ships Starling, Wild Goose, Kite, Woodpecker and Magpie in the destruction of six U-boats in the course of operations covering the passage of convoys in the North Atlantic.	[15]
20 June 1944	Mentioned in Despatches		For outstanding leadership, skill and devotion to duty in H.M. ships Starling, Wild Goose and Wanderer on convoy escort duty in the North Atlantic.	[16]
14 August 1944	Mentioned in Despatches

References

1. Sainsbury, A. B. (September 2004). "Walker, Frederick John (1896–1944)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36690. Retrieved 24 January 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
2. "No. 34925". The London Gazette. 16 August 1940. pp. 5063–5068.
3. "No. 35407". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 January 1942. p. 135.
4. "No. 35648". The London Gazette. 28 July 1942. p. 3346.
5. "No. 36169". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 September 1943. p. 4073.
6. "No. 36390". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 September 1943. p. 902.
7. "No. 36561". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 June 1944. p. 2817.
8. "No. 36572". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 June 1944. p. 2932.
9. http://www.captainwalker.uk/walker.html
10. Macintyre, Donald (1976) [1st ed 1956]. U-Boat Killer. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press (1st American ed). p. 148. ISBN 0-87021-964-2.
11. "No. 36634". The London Gazette. 28 July 1944. p. 3568.
12. London Gazette 6 January 1942
13. London Gazette 30 July 1942
14. London Gazette 22 February 1944
15. London Gazette 13 June 1944
16. London Gazette 20 June 1944

Further reading

• Burn, Alan (1993). The Fighting Captain. ISBN 0-85052-555-1.
• Kemp, Paul (1997). U-Boats Destroyed. ISBN 1-85409-515-3.
• Robertson, Terence (1956). Walker, RN. London: Evans Brothers Limited.
• van der Vat, Dan (1988). The Atlantic Campaign. ISBN 0-340-37751-8.
• Wemyss, D. E. G. (Cmdr) (1955). Relentless Pursuit. ISBN 0-905778-89-8.

External links

• Walker, RN, BBC People's War
• Short biographies of Royal Navy (RN) Officers, 1939–1945
• Captain Walker RN