Fort Wright (Tennessee)

Fort Wright was constructed in 1861 and located on the second Chickasaw Bluff at Randolph, Tipton County, Tennessee. Fort Wright was a Civil War fortification and the first military training facility of the Confederate Army in Tennessee.

Fort Wright
Randolph, Tennessee
Entrance of the powder magazine at Fort Wright (2008)
Fort Wright
Coordinates35.5211°N 89.8874°W / 35.5211; -89.8874
Site information
OwnerPrivate
Open to
the public		No
ConditionThe fort is destroyed, only a powder magazine is intact as of 2008
Site history
Built1861
Built byConfederate States Army
In use1861–1862
Garrison information
Past
commanders		Lieutenant Colonel Marcus Joseph Wright
Garrison5,000 troops in 1861
OccupantsNathan B. Forrest, Alexander P. Stewart

History

On January 20, 1861 the Memphis Appeal published a pro-secessionist proposal to build a fort at Randolph to defend Memphis from invaders.[1] In a communiqué sent to LeRoy P. Walker, the first Confederate States Secretary of War, Brigadier General Gideon J. Pillow endorsed Randolph on April 26, 1861 as "the most eligible situation for a battery to protect Memphis".[2] Within a few days, in late April of that same year, Tennessee Governor Isham G. Harris ordered Lieutenant Colonel Marcus Joseph Wright to establish a camp at Randolph and complete the fortification.[3][4] About 5,000 troops from Tennessee, Arkansas and the Confederate Army were stationed at the location to accomplish the task. It took four months to fortify the bluff at Randolph with earthen defenses and artillery batteries in order to protect the fort from land and naval attacks.[3]

By June 1861, the construction of the fortification was not yet completely finished. However, 50 cannons were reported to be ready at Fort Wright by that time, "mostly thirty-two pounders; the rest larger, 42s and 64s. Thirty-two of them are mounted". The Memphis Bulletin published a status report of Fort Wright after a visit at the fortification on June 22, 1861. By that time, the "earthen breastworks have been sodded with grass" and were reported "twenty to thirty feet in thickness" (6–10 m). Only one "narrow defile on the landward side" was reported by the Bulletin which was "defended by heavy guns" and "crossed by an earthen wall thirty to forty feet in thickness" (10–12 m). A "crescent shaped wall" 0.25 to 0.5 miles (400–800 m) to the east of the fortification provided a defense from land attacks.[5] Fort Randolph, a second Confederate stronghold in the area, was constructed only months after Fort Wright, in Fall 1861.[6]

Ironclad battle on the Mississippi River near Fort Wright, May 10th, 1862. Currier & Ives lithograph

Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821–77) and Alexander P. Stewart (1821–1908) trained at Fort Wright.[7][8] Stewart was promoted to the rank of Major in the "Tennessee Militia" by Governor Harris and was assigned "command of the heavy artillery and water batteries (...) at Fort Wright" shortly after his own training there was completed. Stewart "organized and trained 20 batteries of Tennessee artillery" at Fort Wright at Randolph.[9] Both Forrest and Stewart would later become important figures in the rank of Lieutenant General in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Other future leaders in the Army of Tennessee and Forrest's cavalry received training at Fort Wright.[3]

Fort Wright was Tennessee's first military training camp in which soldiers could gain experience in the construction of fortifications and the setup of artillery batteries to counter naval attacks. They could undertake defense drills and acquire general military skills and discipline. Soldiers who were trained at Fort Wright fought in battles on different battlefields later in the war, the Battle of Shiloh, the Battle of Belmont, the Battle of Murfreesboro, the Battle of Chickamauga, the Battle of Franklin and the Battle of Bentonville. The Confederate stronghold at Fort Wright was the forwardmost defensive position on the Mississippi River until July 1861, it was abandoned by the Confederate infantry by 1862 but sporadically occupied by other southern forces during the Civil War.[3]

In 2008, only a powder magazine is left of Fort Wright.[10][11]

Location
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See also

References
  1. "Pro-secessionist proposal to construct a fort at Randolph, Tennessee, on the Mississippi River" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
  2. "Tennessee Civil War Source Book" (PDF). Tennessee Historical Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  3. "TN Encyclopedia: Fort Wright". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  4. "Diary of Brigadier-General Marcus J. Wright, C.S.A." Documenting the American South. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 1989. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
  5. Konstam, Angus; Field, Ron (2003). American Civil war fortifications. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 1-84603-194-X.
  6. Foote, A. H. (March 5, 1862). "The Evacuation of Columbus. The Town Reduced to a Heap of Ruins by the Rebels. Their Retreat to Fort Randolph (...) - (Dispatch from Flag-Officer Foote)" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
  7. From an address by General J.R. Charlmers in 1879. "Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest And His Campaigns". Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. VII. Richmond, Virginia, October 1879, No. 10. Southern Historical Society Papers. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  8. Elliot, Sam Davis (2004). Soldier of Tennessee: General Alexander P. Stewart and the Civil War in the West. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-8071-2970-4.
  9. "Tennessee history, preservation and educational artifacts". Tennessee Online - Tennessee's Online History Magazine. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  10. Covington-Tipton County Community Guide. Covington, Tennessee: Tipton County Chamber of Commerce. 2005.
  11. "TN Encyclopedia: Tipton County". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Archived from the original on 2009-06-16. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
  12. "Tipton County interactive mapping". Tipton County Assessor of Property. Archived from the original on 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
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