Fort Marshall

Fort Marshall was a historical American coastal four-point bastion fort located in what is now the Highlandtown and Canton neighborhoods of Baltimore, Maryland. It was built at the outset the American Civil War in 1861, to protect the eastern approaches of Baltimore from Confederate attacks. The fort remained garrisoned for the duration of the war. After 1866, the fort's buildings were salvaged for other purposes and the area ultimately became the site of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Roman Catholic Church, surrounded by the developing residential neighborhoods of southeast Baltimore.[1]

Fort Marshall
Baltimore, Maryland
Fort Marshall in 1863
TypeBastion fort
Site information
OwnerUnited States Army
Site history
Built1861
Built by7th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment
In use1861-1866
MaterialsEarth & timber
FateDemolished 1866, Redeveloped as a Catholic Church 1873
EventsDefense of Baltimore, part of the American Civil War
Garrison information
Garrison400 capacity

Establishment
The fort was named for deceased Col. Thomas H. Marshall of the 7th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment

After hostilities broke out between the United States and the Confederacy in 1861, Lt. Col. Henry Brewerton of the Union Army was charged in August of that year with strengthening the defenses of Baltimore. The extant Fort McHenry and Fort Carroll were found to be dilapidated and inadequate to the city's protection.[2] Brewerton launched a refurbishment of these fortifications, and established many new forts, such as Forts Federal Hill and Worthington.[3] Lines of elaborate barricades on every approach to the city, and homes fortified for the occupancy of riflemen and sharpshooters demonstrated the military's commitment to holding the city at all costs, or at least denying it to the Confederates.[4] The number of Union installations in the city was such that the army had "transformed Baltimore into something just short of a military base."[5]

A key part of Brewerton's extensive defensive plan for the city, Fort Marshall was established on "Snake Hill," in a still rural area east of the city border.[6] This site, also known as "Murray Hill" or "Potter's Hill," was located approximately a mile and a half from the city center, and was on higher ground than Fort McHenry, allowing its guns to survey a wider area.[7][4] Designed as a four-pointed star fort,[1] Fort Marshall was built principally by the 7th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the fall of 1861, and named for Colonel Thomas H. Marshall.[8] Marshall had been an officer in the Maine 7th, but died at Baltimore shortly before, on October 25th, 1861.[9] The encampment outside the walls of the fort structure proper was known as Camp Emory, named for Union General Emory Upton.[10][6] Armed with thirty-three heavy artillery pieces, the fort operated in tandem with Fort McHenry, which sat on the opposite side of Baltimore's Northwest Harbor.[11] By war's end, its gun complement would further increase to 60 pieces.[12] The fort also boasted a barracks capable of housing 400 soldiers, with a fully subterranean magazine.[3]

History
"Ft. Marschal (sic)" overlooking the harbor in an 1862 map, with Forts Federal Hill & McHenry across the water.

Fort Marshall was considered one of Baltimore's more important defenses during the war.[10] Its strong earthwork fortifications were positioned near to the center of the city.[13] There it protected the eastern flank of the city, along with nearby Fort Worthington, from the threat of Confederate raid or invasion.[14] Fort Marshall also shielded the Union military hospital at nearby Patterson Park, half a mile to the west.[15][16] In addition, as the riots of April 1861 had proven, Baltimore itself was hardly a bastion of Union sympathizers, and so the fortifications served the dual role of enforcing the compliance of hostile Baltimoreans within, while protecting the city from Confederate attack from without.[17] To this end, units from the Fort conducted regular patrols and drills in the city proper, for the purpose of, as one contemporary Union account put it, "reminding the city rebels that their masters were not far away."[18] Celebrations of the Fourth of July at the forts of Baltimore involved large artillery salutes, both to commemorate the day as well as to serve as a "gentle reminder to the Secesh [secessionists] of that city that Fort Marshall was prepared for any emergency."[19] Patrols from the fort also guarded lines and bridges along the Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad after several bridges had been burned by saboteurs.[6] Detachments from the fort were sent to various towns in Maryland's Eastern Shore in order to defend the polls during the 1864 United States elections, when pro-Union voters were facing voter intimidation.[20][21] Troops were also sent on raids of nearby warehouses suspected of dealing in contraband or goods intended for smuggling to the South. One such incident uncovered a stock of gunpowder, bowie knives and short rifled muskets, worth at least $4000 (equivalent to $102,440 in 2019) in a stash below Canton.[22]

Life at the fort

Service at Fort Marshall (as well as the other fortifications and encampments around Baltimore) served as useful and conveniently-supplied training camps for recently raised Union regiments, prior to their deployment to active theaters.[23] Reports from soldiers stationed there described service at Fort Marshall as "rather monotonous," but that they enjoyed the "greater privileges and more liberty than had been allowed in Fort McHenry."[24] The fort's reputation for placidity was such that the 5th New York Heavy Artillery Regiment was able to offer "many inducements" in a recruitment advertisement in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle in 1862: "no long toilsome marches, no exposure in damp cold tents. Good warm and comfortable barracks in a healthy locality, provided for each man."[25] Despite the relative peace of the post, it was subject to occasional night raids from Confederacy-aligned attackers, but without great effect or losses to the garrison.[26] Diseases were also a frequent issue within the barracks.[7] What casualties did occur were mostly the result of periodic weapons accidents.[27] One dramatic instance was that of Commander Woodhall of the Navy, whose body was flung 30 feet when he walked in front of a firing artillery piece, part of a salute for the tour of visiting army brass including Major General Benjamin Butler.[28]

Decline and abandonment

The defenses at Fort Marshall were never seriously called upon for the duration of the war. By late 1864, the site was primarily used only as a hospital.[29] Visitors in May of that year noted the 'dilapidated' nature of its buildings.[30] In November 1865, with the Civil War now over, Capt. William Price Craighill was named the replacement for Lt. Col. Brewerton, and set about making upkeep repairs at Fort Marshall, which remained a military installation.[31] Half a year later however, plans had changed, and the Chief of Ordnance announced in May of 1866 that the stocks of the fort would be sold at cash auction, including nearly 3,000 kegs of rifle powder, almost 10,000 cartridges of cannon powder, and many gun carriages and chassis.[32]. Four days after the auction, the Ordnance sergeant and quartermasters themselves were either reassigned or discharged.[33] By July, even the fort's buildings were being sold off as firewood.[34] Much of the building's lumber was salvaged by the Freedmen's Bureau, which used the material from Marshall and nearby Hicks U.S. Army General Hospital to construct more than sixty new schoolhouses.[35] The fort was so thoroughly dismantled that an 1869 account described its outline on the horizon as "but a mark of the times gone by," where "the cows and goats now pasture on its green bastions and parapets."[36]

The final abandonment of the site by the Federal government had cleared the way for the area to begin redevelopment as a residential district, which around 1870 became known as "Highland Town."[37] A congregation of Baltimore German Redemptorists purchased the site of the former Fort Marshall in 1872-1873, and leveled the hill (which had given 'Highland Town' its name), building in its place the Sacred Heart of Jesus Roman Catholic Church.[29][38][39] One final legacy of the Fort was the Fort Marshall Brewing Company, established in 1869 and located near to the site of the fortifications, at Highland and Eastern avenues. It would operate until 1899, but established the southeast of Baltimore as a hub for German-American brewing operations, a trend which would continue a bit further east into what would become the "Brewer's Hill" region of the city.[40]

Garrisoned Units
Lithograph of Fort Marshall ca.1862

Notes
  1. Swank & Swank 2013, p. 15.
  2. Kanarek 1976, p. 34.
  3. Kanarek 1976, p. 35.
  4. Scharf 1879, p. 539.
  5. Crenson 2017, p. 253.
  6. Lynch 1915, p. 11.
  7. Wilder 1887, p. 78.
  8. "The new fort at Baltimore". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. 1861-11-30. p. 2. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  9. Stanley & Hall 1887, p. 102.
  10. Walker 1885, p. 53.
  11. Davenport 1879, p. 143.
  12. Crenson 2017, p. 254.
  13. Roe 1911, p. 285.
  14. Scharf 1874, p. 615.
  15. Walker 1885, p. 84.
  16. Melchior, Louis (1925-04-30). "Early fortifications in Baltimore Harbor". University of Maryland. Retrieved 2019-03-30. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. Roe 1911, p. 300.
  18. Walker 1885, p. 71.
  19. "Fourth of July in Baltimore - How it was celebrated by the 5th Regiment Artillery, N.Y.V." Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. 1862-07-09. p. 2. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  20. Robinson 1879, p. 232.
  21. Wilder 1887, p. 79.
  22. "The War in Virginia". Alexandria Gazette. Alexandria, Virginia. 1862-11-18. p. 1. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  23. Lerch, Kathryn (1997). "The 8th New York Heavy Artillery in Baltimore 1862-1864". Maryland Historical Magazine Spring 1997. p. 95. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  24. Walker 1885, p. 65.
  25. "A Few More Recruits Wanted". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. 1862-06-16. p. 3. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  26. Walker 1885, p. 66.
  27. "Fatal Accident". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. 1862-06-24. p. 1. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  28. Walker 1885, p. 78.
  29. Foertschbeck 2013, p. 75.
  30. Fenton 1864, p. 441.
  31. Kanarek 1976, p. 36.
  32. "Sale of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores at Baltimore, MD". Baltimore Daily Commercial. Baltimore, Maryland. 1866-05-09. p. 3. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  33. "Ordnance Sergeant John O'Hara". New York Daily Herald. New York, New York. 1866-05-25. p. 9. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  34. "Firewood!". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. 1866-07-14. p. 1. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  35. Fuke, Richard (1971). "The Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People 1864-1870". Maryland Historical Magazine Winter 1971. p. 392. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  36. "A Virginia Letter". Philadelphia Evening Telegraph. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1869-04-05. p. 6. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  37. Plant et al. 2002, p. 21.
  38. Plant et al. 2002, p. 28.
  39. "New Church in Canton, Maryland". Catholic Union and Times. Buffalo, New York. 1873-08-28. p. 5. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  40. Foertschbeck 2013, p. 70.
  41. Huntington 1869, p. 66.
  42. "Sword Presentation". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. 1862-05-24. p. 1. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  43. "Fort Marshall: Indiana 21st regiment". The Indianapolis Star. Indianapolis, Indiana. 1862-02-08. p. 3. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  44. "Wanted Immediately". The Baltimore Sun. 1865-01-27. p. 3. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  45. Robinson 1879, p. 71.
  46. Kirwan 1864, p. 22.
  47. Croffut & Morris 1869, p. 348.
  48. Townsend 1889, p. 268.
  49. Hudnut 1887, p. 17.
  50. Swinton 1870, p. 300.
  51. Townsend 1889, p. 237.
  52. "The 131st O.N.G." The Daily Empire. Dayton, Ohio. 1864-05-03. p. 3. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
  53. Ohio 1888, p. 650.
gollark: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
gollark: ... no.
gollark: Failure mode = way it can fail.
gollark: (yes, including me)
gollark: Humans are stupid and irrational.

References
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