Formication

Formication is the sensation that resembles that of small insects crawling on (or under) the skin when there is nothing there. It is one specific form of a set of sensations known as paresthesias, which also include the more common prickling, tingling sensation known as "pins and needles". Formication is a well documented symptom, which has numerous possible causes. The word is derived from formica, the Latin word for ant.

Not to be confused with Fornication.
Formication
SpecialtyPsychiatry, neurology

Formication may sometimes be experienced as feelings of itchiness, tingling, pins and needles, burning, or even pain. When formication is perceived as itchiness, it may trigger the scratch reflex, and because of this, some people who experience the sensation are at risk of causing skin damage through excessive scratching.

In some instances, static electricity can attract particulates to the skin and can also cause body hair to move, giving a sensation like insects crawling over the skin.[1] However, in many cases no external trigger creates the sensation.

In rare cases, individuals become convinced that the sensation is due to the presence of real insects on or under the skin. In these cases, patients have what is known as delusional parasitosis. They believe that their skin is inhabited by, or under attack by, small insects or similar parasites, despite repeated reassurances from physicians, pest control experts, and entomologists.[2]

Causes

Causes of formication include normal states such as onset of menopause (i.e. hormone withdrawal). Other causes are medical conditions such as pesticide exposure,[3] mercury poisoning, diabetic neuropathy, skin cancer, syphilis, Lyme disease, hypocalcaemia or herpes zoster (shingles) and neurocysticercosis.[2] Formication can be a result of stimulant intoxication (e.g. methamphetamine, cocaine)[4] or alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics (i.e. delirium tremens), and is often accompanied by visual hallucinations of insects (formicanopia).[2] It can also occur as a symptom of benzodiazepine withdrawal, withdrawal from medication such as SSRI/SNRI antidepressants and tramadol; and as a side effect of opioid analgesics.

History

Formication is etymologically derived from the Latin word formica, meaning "ant", precisely because of this similarity in sensation to that of crawling insects. The term has been in use for several hundred years. In the 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, a description of the condition raphania includes the symptom:

...a formication, or sensation as of ants or other small insects creeping on the parts.[5]

Described again in an instructional text from 1890:

A variety of itching, often encountered in the eczema of elderly people, is formication; this is described as exactly like the crawling of myriads of animals over the skin. It is probably due to the successive irritation of nerve fibrils in the skin. At times patients who suffer from it will scarcely be persuaded that it is not due to insects. Yielding to the temptation to scratch invariably makes the disease worse.[6]

gollark: Also map/filter/whatever, though Luadash does that.
gollark: Stuff like `fread` (my terrible name for "read file to string"), `fwrite` (write string to file), `fetch` (send GET request to given HTTP address and return string result), `copy` (deep-copy a table), etc.
gollark: Loads of my projects contain copy-pasted functions to make that sort of thing mildly more convenient.
gollark: Library idea: a convenient utility library for stuff like writing/reading files (as text/JSON/table format/whatever), HTTP requests, and other random stuff.
gollark: The server decides what to send you and when and also decides what to do with your messages.

See also

References
  1. Potter, Mike. "INVISIBLE ITCHES: Insect and Non-Insect Causes". ENTFACT-58. University of Kentucky. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
  2. Hinkle, Nancy C (2000). "Delusory Parasitosis" (PDF). American Entomologist. 46 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1093/ae/46.1.17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-21.
  3. Vijverberg, H. P.; Van Den Bercken, J (1990). "Neurotoxicological effects and the mode of action of pyrethroid insecticides" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 21 (2): 105–126. doi:10.3109/10408449009089875. PMID 1964560.
  4. Rusyniak, Daniel E. (2011). "Neurologic manifestations of chronic methamphetamine abuse". Neurologic Clinics. 29 (3): 641–655. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2011.05.004. PMC 3148451. PMID 21803215.
  5. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1797, p. 260
  6. Jamieson, William Allan (1894) Diseases of the Skin: A Manual for Practitioners and Students. Pentland
Classification
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