Flathead Lake

Flathead Lake (Salish: člq̓etkʷ[3]) is a large natural lake in northwest Montana, and is the largest natural freshwater lake by surface area that is west of the source of the Missouri River in the contiguous United States.[4][5]

Flathead Lake
Location	Lake / Flathead counties, Montana, US
Coordinates	47°54′6″N 114°6′15″W
Type	Moraine-dammed lake
Primary inflows	Flathead River Swan River
Primary outflows	Flathead River
Catchment area	8,587 sq mi (22,240 km^2)
Basin countries	United States
Max. length	27.3 mi (43.9 km)[1]
Max. width	15.5 mi (24.9 km)[1]
Surface area	197 sq mi (510 km^2)[2]
Average depth	164.7 ft (50.2 m)
Max. depth	370.7 ft (113.0 m)[1]
Water volume	5.56 cu mi (23.2 km^3)[1]
Residence time	3.4 years
Shore length^1	161.4 mi (259.7 km)[1]
Surface elevation	2,894 ft (882 m)
Islands	Wild Horse Island; Cromwell, Bird, Bull, Little Bull, Melita, Shelter, Cedar, Mother-in-Law, Dream, Goose, Mary B, Rock Island; Douglas Islands
Settlements	7 miles (11 km) south of Kalispell, Montana
^1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

The lake is a remnant of the ancient, massive glacial dammed lake, Lake Missoula of the era of the last interglacial.[6] Flathead Lake is a natural lake along the mainline of the Flathead River. It was dammed in 1930 by Kerr Dam at its outlet on Polson Bay, and the lake level was raised by 10 feet (3.0 m).[7] It is one of the cleanest lakes in the populated world for its size and type.[8]

Geography

Located in the northwest corner of the state of Montana, 7 miles (11 km) south of Kalispell, it is approximately 30 miles (48 km) long and 16 miles (26 km) wide, covering 197 square miles (510 km²). It is a similar size as Minnesota's Mille Lacs Lake, but smaller than Red Lake. It is about half the area of San Francisco Bay (main bay). It is larger in surface area than Lake Tahoe, but it is much smaller in volume due to Tahoe's depth.[2] Flathead Lake has a maximum depth of 370.7 ft (113.0 m),[1] and an average of 164.7 ft (50.2 m). This makes Flathead Lake deeper than the average depths of the Yellow Sea or the Persian Gulf. Flathead Lake is in a scenic part of Montana, 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Glacier National Park and is flanked by two scenic highways, which wind along its curving shoreline. On the west side is U.S. Route 93, and on the east, is Route 35.

Flathead Lake from space, Aug 2018

The lake is bordered on its eastern shore by the Mission Mountains and on the west by the Salish Mountains. The Flathead valley was formed by the glacial damming of the Flathead River and sustains a remarkably mild climate for a region located this far north and inland; the Pacific Ocean is almost 400 miles (640 km) to the west. The mild climate allows for cherry orchards on the east shore and vineyards for wine production on the west shore. There are also apple, pear and plum orchards around the lake as well as vegetables, hay, honey, nursery tree, Christmas tree, sod/turf, and wheat production bordering or near the lake.

There are several islands in the lake. Wild Horse Island is the largest at 2,164 acres (876 ha). Melita Island is a 64-acre (260,000 m²) island on Flathead Lake, located about one-half mile off the west lakeshore. At its highest point Melita is 80 feet (24 m) above water level. The closest access is from Walstad Landing (one and a half miles), a state-maintained landing off Highway 93, approximately 15 minutes north of Polson. The island is owned by the Boy Scouts of America, and is used as a summer camp and for other activities.[9]

History

Once known as "Salish Lake", this body of water was named for the Salish Indians. Early European Americans called them the Flathead Indians because of a misinterpretation of early Native American sign language.[10] A common misconception is that the name is derived from a practice of head flattening more common among tribes such as the Chinook. There is no evidence to show that the Salish ever had this custom.[11] Since the late 19th century, the Salish were mostly removed to the Flathead Indian Reservation, located at the southern end of the lake.

Kerr Dam, built near Polson, regulates the lake's water level, generates hydroelectric power, and provides water for irrigation to support agriculture in the area. The lake has an irregularly shaped shoreline and a dozen small islands, the largest of which is a state park called Wild Horse Island. These islands cover 5.5 square miles (14 km²).

The Flathead River and the Swan River (known also as the Bigfork River where it enters the lake) are the lake's major tributaries. The lake is inhabited by the native bull trout and cutthroat trout, as well as the non-native lake trout, yellow perch, and lake whitefish. Local residents have reported sighting other aquatic fauna in the lake as well, such as sturgeon and the Flathead Lake Monster.[12]

The non-native opossum shrimp, (Mysis diluviana), were introduced by Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks in the Flathead drainage basin to encourage production of larger kokanee salmon; they migrated into Flathead Lake and have altered the ecosystem.[13]

Fishermen had introduced lake trout 80 years prior but remained at low densities until the non-native Mysis became established. The bottom-dwelling mysids eliminated a recruitment bottleneck for lake trout by providing a deep water source of food where little was available previously. Lake trout subsequently flourished on mysids; this voracious piscivore now dominates the lake fishery. The formerly abundant kokanee were extirpated, and native bull and westslope cutthroat trout are imperiled. Predation by Mysis has shifted zooplankton and phytoplankton community size structure. Bayesian change point analysis of primary productivity (27-y time series) showed a significant step increase of 55 mg C m−2 d−1 (i.e., 21% rise) concurrent with the mysid invasion, but little trend before or after despite increasing nutrient loading. Mysis facilitated predation by lake trout and indirectly caused the collapse of kokanee, redirecting energy flow through the ecosystem that would otherwise have been available to other top predators (bald eagles).[14]

Geology

Flathead Lake lies at the southern end of a geological feature called the Rocky Mountain Trench. The trench, which formed with the Rocky Mountains, extends north into the southern Yukon as a straight, steep valley, which also holds the headwaters of the Columbia River. During the last ice age this trench was filled by an enormous glacier. As the glacier moved southward it carved out the trench. The Polson Moraine, near present-day Polson, Montana, marks the southernmost extent of the glacier during the last ice age and thus is the site of the glacier's terminal moraine.[15]

Some clouds over Flathead Lake in Polson, Montana, as the sun is setting

The large size of the Polson Moraine indicates that the glacier stalled here for many years before retreating. As the climate warmed, a portion of the glacier in the Mission Valley receded more slowly than the main body, which kept the lake basin from being filled with sediment. Eventually this ice also melted, forming a lake behind the moraine. Once the water reached the top of this moraine dam, it began to cut a channel through it. Most moraine dammed lakes drain quickly because water cuts entirely through the moraine. However, Flathead Lake remains because a bedrock hill buried underneath the Polson Moraine prevented the moraine from being completely cut through so the meltwater never completely drained.[15]

At one time, probably when the valley was partially filled by a glacier, the level of Flathead Lake was about 500 feet (150 m) higher and drained through the valley west of Elmo, Montana, which is at the end of Big Arm Bay, bottom center in the aerial photo above. Water carved out a wide, flat-bottomed pass with a deeper, narrow channel at the south edge of the pass. The deeper channel and traces of the dry riverbed are still visible from Route 28.

Fish of Flathead Lake

Flathead Lake is home to a number of native and non-native fishes, and is managed cooperatively by both Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. The lake is home to the semi-annual "Mack Days" Lake Trout fishing contest, which aims to reduce the non-native "Mackinaw trout" or lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations, as well as educate people about the Flathead Lake Fisheries Management Plan.[16][17] Like the majority of other nonnative species, they became established in the lake from the late 1800s-early 1900s. The introduction of lake trout has placed increased pressure on the ecologically similar threatened native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus).[18] Since the inception of this event in 2002, over 402,000 lake trout have been harvested.[19] Another recent introduced non-native fish is the Dodd Fish, another name for yellow perch (Perca flavescens).

• Native

1. Cutthroat Trout
2. Northern Pikeminnow
3. Bull Trout
4. Mountain Whitefish
5. Westslope Cutthroat Trout

• Nonnative

1. Brown Trout
2. Lake Trout
3. Golden Trout
4. Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout
5. Brook Trout
6. Rainbow Trout
7. Kokanee Salmon
8. Northern Pike
9. Yellow Perch
10. Largemouth Bass
11. Smallmouth Bass
12. Sturgeon (sp)

In addition to these commonly-pursued game fish, the lake is also home to other native species that currently are not actively managed by government fish and wildlife agencies, including the longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus), and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus).

Panorama

Flathead Lake at Lakeside with Swan and Mission Range in the background

Notes

1. About Flathead Head, Flathead Lake Biological Station, The University of Montana
2. Van der Leeden, Frits; Fred Louis Troise; David Keith Todd (1990). The Water Encyclopedia. CRC Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-87371-120-3.
3. Tachini, Pete (2010). Seliš nyoʻnuntn, Medicine for the Salish language : English to Salish translation dictionary (2nd ed.). Pablo, MT: Salish Kootenai College Press. p. 242. ISBN 9781934594063.
4. NPS Archeology Program: State submerged Resource Laws, National Park Service
5. New strategies for America's watersheds, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Watershed Management
6. "USGS: Volcano Hazards Program Glossary". vulcan.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
7. Kerr Dam, PPL Montana
8. Flathead Lake & Watershed Overview, Flathead Lakers
9. [http://www.melitaisland.org/aboutmelita.htm About Melita Island. There a\is also a bald eagle reaserve which is protected by the Native Americans. The island was bought for approximetaly 3 million dollars.Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 5, 2008.
10. Partoll, Albert (1951). "The Flathead-Salish Indian Name in Montana Nomenclature". Montana: The Magazine of Western History. 1 (1): 37–47.
11. Partoll, Albert J. (1951). "The Flathead-Salish Indian Name in Montana Nomenclature". The Montana Magazine of History. 1 (1): 37–47. JSTOR 4515711.
12. Fugleberg, Paul (5 April 2015). "Paul Fugleberg: Flathead Lake sturgeon catch still controversial". Missoulian. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
13. Bosworth, Brendan. "How Non-Native Shrimp Transformed The Ecosystem at Montana's Flathead Lake". Retrieved 15 December 2016.
14. Ellis, B. K.; Stanford, J. A.; Goodman, D.; Stafford, C. P.; Gustafson, D. L.; Beauchamp, D. A.; Chess, D. W.; Craft, J. A.; Deleray, M. A.; Hansen, B. S. (3 January 2011). "Long-term effects of a trophic cascade in a large lake ecosystem". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (3): 1070–1075. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.1070E. doi:10.1073/pnas.1013006108. PMC 3024674. PMID 21199944.
15. Alt, David D. (2001). Glacial Lake Missoula: And Its Humongous Floods. Mountain Press Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 9780878424153.
16. Backus, Perry (September 23, 2017). "Fall Mack Days starts this weekend at Flathead Lake". Missoulian. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
17. "Lake Trout Fishing". Mack Days. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
18. Ferguson, Jake M.; Taper, Mark L.; Guy, Christopher S.; Syslo, John M. (2012). "Mechanisms of coexistence between native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and non-native lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): Inferences from pattern-oriented modeling". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 69 (4): 755–769. doi:10.1139/f2011-177.
19. "Lake Trout Biology". www.mackdays.com. Retrieved 2017-09-24.

References

• Alt, David. "The Making of Flathead Lake" in Profiles of Montana Geology: A layman's guide to the Treasure State. Butte, MT: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, 1984.

External links

• Montana Watersheds - Flathead Basin