Finding aid

A finding aid, in the context of archival science, is a tool containing detailed, indexed, and processed information about a specific collection of records within an archive. Finding aids often consist of a documentary inventory and description of the materials, their source, and their structure.[1] The finding aid for a collection is usually compiled by the collection's entity of origin, provenance, or by an archivist or librarian during archival processing. The finding aid serves the purpose of locating specific information within the collection.[2] The finding aid can also help the archival repository manage their materials and resources.[3]

Finding aids are utilized to assist information professionals and researchers find materials within an archive[4]
The Card Catalog at the Library of Congress

The history of finding aids mirrors the history of information. Ancient Sumerians had their own systems of indexes to locate bureaucratic and administrative records.[5] Finding aids in the 19th and 20th centuries were paper documents, such as lists or index cards. In the 21st century, they can be created in electronic formats like spreadsheets or databases. The standard machine-readable format for manuscript collection finding aids, widely used in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Australia and elsewhere, is Encoded Archival Description.[6]

Overview

Finding aids exist as a central tool for user and archivist interaction with archival collections. Freund and Toms note that finding aids became the preferred means of user mediation with a collection, as a result of the print nature of most historical materials. They go on to explain that the finding aid within this print-based form is designed to describe a single collection or arrangement from a similar provenance.[7] Clayton McGehee argues that the finding aid became preferred by archivists and repositories as a means of organizing their collections because it allowed for them to intellectually and physically control the items they held. Archivists could acquire, deaccession, redact, and reorganize materials. The finding aids could reflect these changes to the collection, but also reflected that only the archivists would know about these changes to the collection. Paper based collections with finding aids ensured that patrons would have to rely upon the archivist to find and utilize materials.[8]

The content of a finding aid may differ depending on the type of material it is describing. Usually, a finding aid includes a description of the scope of the collection, biographical and historical information related to the collection, and restrictions on use of or access to the materials.[2] Finding aids may be detailed inventories that list contents. They may also include subject headings drawn from LCSH, AAT, or other controlled vocabulary, and may cross-refer to related collections in other repositories. The data elements essential to finding aids are defined by the International Council on Archives[9] in the General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD(G)).[10] Various national implementations of ISAD(G) exist, such as Describing Archives: A Content Standard, used in the USA.

Creation

The process of creating a finding aid often begins with archival description. For example, Encoded Archival Description calls for a basic description of the collection, a list of controlled vocabulary terms, administrative information, biographical information, scope and content, arrangement, description of components, and other descriptive data.[11] In the absence of a universal standard for finding aids,[12] these elements are often used as a basis.

Components

The Basic Description, Collection Overview, or Summary Information is usually the first section of a finding aid, containing information about the collection's creator, the physical space the collection occupies in the archive, and the date range and an abstract of its documents.[13] A Biographical/Historical Note describes a collection from the perspective of the time period it was created, providing background information on a person or organization. It can also describe the history of the collection. The Scope and Content note briefly explains the collection's provenance, its arrangement and date range, and in general what kind of materials it contains—letters, reports, photographs, audio/video, etc.

The Access and Use section that contains information about using the collection, such as terms of access and restrictions. Usage issues that may affect researchers could include donor agreements restricting access, copyright information, the collection's history of ownership, any additional formats the collection may have, and if the collection is accepting additions. Additional Information contains details of related materials, language, citation instructions, any sponsors, and the date of processing. Search Terms are generally a list of subject headings, any personal, corporate, or family names, geographical headings, and genre terms that relate to the contents of the collection.

Arrangement is the manner in which the collection has been ordered (generally in accordance, as far as practicable, with its original order). Hierarchical levels of arrangement are typically composed of record groups containing series, which in turn contain boxes, folders, and items.[14]

The Content List is a list of the collection's materials down to the box and folder level.[15] Series descriptions containing the title, dates of coverage, and a brief description of the contents of each series. Series descriptions may also include the range of containers, a statement of the type of arrangement, and a note on any restrictions for each series (for example, an embargo on public access for a set period for reasons of confidentiality).

Digitization and finding aids

Encoded Archival Description (EAD)

Encoded Archival Description was created in 1998 for the use of finding aids in an online environment. Its creation allowed for a consistent national standard in the US for finding aid terminology.[16]

Candida Fenton writes, "Encoded Archival Description Document Type Definition (EAD DTD) is a non proprietary encoding standard which specifies the structure of an electronic archival finding aid. The standard was developed in response to the growing role of networks in accessing information describing archival holdings, and to enable the exchange of records between repositories."[17]

However, the hierarchical format of EAD finding aids has caused some controversy among users, as archivists have noted that it perpetuates the same confusions regarding finding aids for users.[18]

User interaction and finding aids

Freund and Toms asserted that collections become digitally accessible in greater frequency, archivists can no longer be expected to assist users at their every need.[7] Clayton McGehee expressed concern about the lack of interaction between finding aids of different libraries and repositories. He argued that in order to remain in touch with the rapid share and spread of information, finding aids must interact with digital libraries. Laura Farley argued that both of these concerns about the speed of changing information and the need to adapt, could be supplemented by adding user annotations to online finding aids. Farley also noted that user submissions can help archivists highlight useful items not indicated in the extant finding aid. She concludes that

Online participatory finding aids with user annotations are feasible for a repository of any size and budget, and will result in more complete resources for users and archivists...To be successful in reaching users, archivists must open themselves to new collaborations with diverse communities beyond the academic world, relinquishing the role of record gatekeepers and inviting in open communication with users.[19]

gollark: You are not, apparently, legally allowed to do full-time work until you're 18, and must be in education/training of some kind.
gollark: It looks simpler than your diagram, although I suppose that covers all school stuff while I'm only talking about my specific school and there are other options like vocational training of some kind.
gollark: My school has some convoluted thing where for A-level (high school, ish), as well as the regular 3 A-levels, you *also* have to do two of these three options:- EPQ i.e. a big independent-research-y project- a bunch of 3-month nonexamined "carousel" courses about random stuff like sign language and cooking and photography- a "complementary studies" course, which is *either* a nonexamined random thing or something like one AS-level*or* a fourth A-level.
gollark: Hmm, that's quite a lot longer than "high school" here.
gollark: The only vaguely practical class my school offers at "high school" age (16-18, right?) is "cooking", as part of the complementary studies carousel thing, which I'm not actually doing.

See also

Footnotes
  1. "Finding Aids for Archival and Manuscript Collections | Rare and Manuscript Collections". rare.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
  2. "finding aid | Society of American Archivists". www2.archivists.org. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  3. "finding aid | Society of American Archivists". www2.archivists.org. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  4. Highsmith, Carol M. (2009), Main Reading Room of the Library of Congress in the Thomas Jefferson Building, retrieved 2019-04-20
  5. "Discover Finding Aids!". Library and Archives Canada Blog. 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  6. "Development of the Encoded Archival Description DTD (EAD Official Site, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  7. Freund, Luanne; Toms, Elaine G. (April 2016). "Interacting with archival finding aids: Interacting with Archival Finding Aids". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 67 (4): 994–1008. doi:10.1002/asi.23436.
  8. McGahee, Clayton (March 2018). "Making Special Collections Accessible to Users: Finding Aids". International Journal of Legal Information. 46 (1): 31–38. doi:10.1017/jli.2018.2. ISSN 0731-1265.
  9. "International Council on Archives |". www.ica.org. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  10. "ISAD(G): General International Standard Archival Description, Second edition | International Council on Archives". 2010-08-18. Archived from the original on 2010-08-18. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  11. "LC EAD Best Practices at the Library of Congress (Finding Aids)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  12. "Standards for Archival Description: Chapter 5". www.archivists.org. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  13. Harmeyer, Neal. "Library Guides: Primary Sources in Archives & Special Collections: How to Read a Finding Aid". guides.lib.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  14. "levels of arrangement | Society of American Archivists". www2.archivists.org. Retrieved 2018-10-20.
  15. Harmeyer, Neal. "Library Guides: Primary Sources in Archives & Special Collections: How to Read a Finding Aid". guides.lib.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
  16. McGahee, Clayton (2018). "Making special collections accessible to users: finding aids". International Journal of Legal Information. 46 (1): 31–38. doi:10.1017/jli.2018.2. ISSN 0731-1265.
  17. Fenton, Candida (2010). "Use of controlled vocabulary and thesauri in UK online finding aids". Journal of the Society of Archivists. 31 (2): 187–205. doi:10.1080/00379816.2010.506792. ISSN 0037-9816.
  18. Scheir, Wendy (2006). "First entry: report on a qualitative exploratory study of novice user experience with online finding aids". Journal of Archival Organization. 3 (4): 49–85. doi:10.1300/j201v03n04_04. ISSN 1533-2748.
  19. Farley, Laura (2015-05-27). The Participatory Finding Aid and the Archivist: How User Annotations are Changing Everyone's Role. OCLC 913171735.
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