Art & Architecture Thesaurus

The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) is a controlled vocabulary used for describing items of art, architecture, and material culture. The AAT contains generic terms, such as "cathedral," but no proper names, such as "Cathedral of Notre Dame." The AAT is used by, among others, museums, art libraries, archives, catalogers, and researchers in art and art history. The AAT is a thesaurus in compliance with ISO and NISO standards including ISO 2788, ISO 25964 and ANSI/NISO Z39.19.

The AAT is a structured vocabulary of 55,661 concepts (as of January 2020),[1] including 131,000 terms, descriptions, bibliographic citations, and other information relating to fine art, architecture, decorative arts, archival materials, and material culture.[2]

History

The AAT project began in the late 1970s in response to the gradual automation of records by art libraries, art journal indexing services, and catalogers of museum objects and visual resources. Automation required consistency in cataloging as well as more efficient retrieval of information; a controlled vocabulary was a solution to both these problems. The project was conceived by library directors and architectural experts Toni Petersen, Dora Crouch, and Pat Molholt and was originally headquartered part-time at RPI in Troy, NY, then at Bennington College in Bennington, VT and later moved to Williamstown, Massachusetts, with the J. Paul Getty Trust providing technical advice and funding. In 1983 the Getty Trust took over editorial responsibility. The AAT offices relocated to the Getty's Los Angeles headquarters in order to better coordinate with two other similar Getty projects, the Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) and Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN) soon after its publication.

The AAT was published in 1990 and 1994 in both print and electronic form. By 1997, the size and frequency of updates made hard-copy publication unfeasible and the decision was made to publish via a searchable online Web interface and in data files available for licensing. The online Web interface is freely-accessible from any computer connected to the Internet. Final editorial control of the AAT is maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program, part of the Getty Research Institute.

Since 2008, Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program (TELDAP)[3] collaborated with Getty Research Institute (GRI) in developing the Chinese-language Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT-Taiwan). The initial goal of this project is to provide multilingual search and corresponding images in integrate digital archives systems of Taiwan, and broaden the inclusion of terms related to Asian art, architecture and material culture in AAT.

The AAT can be used in several ways:

  • at the data entry stage, by catalogers or indexers who are describing works of art, architecture, material culture, archival materials, visual surrogates, or bibliographic materials;
  • as knowledge bases, providing information for researchers;
  • as search assistants to enhance end-user access to online resources;
  • as target for enriching free-text descriptions of cultural objects;[4]
  • as a pivot vocabulary for coreferencing (interlinking) other art vocabularies[5]

AAT is available as Linked Open Data at vocab.getty.edu[6] since February 2014[7] and is updated bi-weekly.

Terms

The initial core set of terms was derived from authority lists and the literature of art and architectural history; this core set was reviewed, approved and added to by an advisory team made up scholars from all relevant disciplines, including art and architectural historians, architects, librarians, visual resource curators, archivists, museum personnel, and specialists in thesaurus construction. Its hierarchy was inspired by the Medical Subject Headings. All eras from antiquity to the present are covered, and it is not limited geographically.

As of January 2007, the AAT contained approximately 131,000 terms. While the thesaurus contains many variations on a term, such as singular and plural forms, spelling variants, various forms of speech, and synonyms, one is always flagged as the preferred term. Terms are updated biweekly and regular users are encouraged to propose new terms.

In 2015 AAT contains 354,000 terms.[8] They are available in 4 major languages (English, Dutch, Spanish and Chinese), and some terms in various native languages.

Design

The AAT is a faceted classification system as well as a hierarchical one. There are seven facets:

  • Associated Concepts - abstract concepts, such as beauty, balance, connoisseurship, metaphor, freedom, socialism (Hierarchy: Associated concepts)
  • Physical Attributes - perceptible or measurable characteristics such as size, shape, chemical properties, texture and hardness, such as strapwork, borders, round, waterlogged, brittleness. (Hierarchies: Attributes and Properties, Conditions and Effects, Design Elements, Color)
  • Styles and Periods - stylistic groupings and distinct chronological periods, such as French, Louis XIV, T'ang Dynasty, Chippendale (Hierarchy: Styles and Periods)
  • Agents - people, groups of people, and organizations such as printmakers, landscape architects, corporations, religious orders. (Hierarchies: People, Organizations)
  • Activities - areas of endeavor, physical and mental actions or methods, such as archaeology, engineering, analyzing, contests, exhibitions, running, drawing (image-making), corrosion. (Hierarchies: Disciplines, Functions, Events, Physical and Mental Activities, Processes and Techniques)
  • Materials - physical substances, such as iron, clay, adhesive, emulsifier, artificial ivory, millwork, nylon. (Hierarchy: Materials)
  • Objects - objects either fabricated or given form by human activity, such as paintings, amphorae, facades, cathedrals, Brewster Chairs, gardens (Hierarchies: Object Groupings and Systems, Object Genres, Components; Built Environment: Settlements and Landscapes, Built Complexes and Districts, Single Built Works, Open Spaces and Site Elements; Furnishings and Equipment: Furnishings, Costume, Tools and Equipment, Weapons and Ammunition, Measuring Devices, Containers, Sound Devices, Recreational Artifacts, Transportation Vehicles; Visual and Verbal Communication: Visual Works, Exchange Media, Information Forms)

Online records of concepts showing the hierarchy in the database

The record for each concept includes its place in the hierarchy (with a link to its parent), as well as links to related terms, related concepts, sources and contributors for the data, and notes.

Sample AAT Record
gollark: caddy good
gollark: Play loud music at it?
gollark: It's not like I can do much. Humans don't take the "orbital laser" thing seriously so bugs also don't, launching Siri would be *far* too dangerous, and I'm probably not near you.
gollark: ... how?
gollark: Do you have a label printer so you can print a label and attach it to the bug?

See also

References
  1. "SPARQL query to count AAT concepts". Getty Linked Open Data. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  2. "Getty Vocabularies (Getty Research Institute)".
  3. "Preface, Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program, TELDAP".
  4. "Europeana enriches its data with the AAT". Europeana Pro.
  5. Ceri Binding and Douglas Tudhope. "Vocabulary Linked Data Publication and Mapping". ISKO UK 2015 Workshop.
  6. http://vocab.getty.edu
  7. "Art & Architecture Thesaurus Now Available as Linked Open Data - The Getty Iris".
  8. "SPARQL query to count AAT terms". Getty Linked Open Data.
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