Federal Woodlands Preservation League

Created by group of citizens worried about the massive logging near Meech Lake and Kingsmere, the Federal Woodlands Preservation League (French: Ligue contre le déboisement des sites fédéraux) began urging the Canadian Federal Government in 1934 to take action on preserving the Gatineau Hills' woodlands. It is credited with creating Gatineau Park.[1]

Federal Woodlands Preservation League
Type Volunteer
Founded 1934
Headquarters Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Membership Individuals
Field Environmental advocacy
Number of Members
Key Personnel First President: Harry Baldwin
First patrons: R.B. Bennett, William Lyon Mackenzie King
Website none

History

The Mackenzie King diaries provide insight into how the League was created. On September 20, 1933, King met with his private secretary Harry Baldwin to discuss the issue. "We talked of starting a 'Society to preserve the Natural Beauty of the environs of Ottawa' -- that is the title I gave it," wrote King in his diary.[2]

At the League's first meeting on May 8, 1935 at Ottawa's Chateau Laurier, prime minister R.B. Bennett and opposition leader Mackenzie King were appointed as its patrons. Its first president was Harry Baldwin.

The list of its patrons and members includes many notable citizens of the day. While it operated between 1934 and 1947, members of the league included, Governors General Bessborough, Tweedsmuir and Athlone, Sir Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen, R.B. Bennett, Mackenzie King, Harry Baldwin, Percy Sparks, Duncan MacTavish, Ernest Lapointe and Ambrose O’Brien. As well, its membership included Colonel J.T.C. Thompson, W.D. Herridge, Lieutenant-Colonel Cameron Macpherson Edwards and Charles Bowman.[3]

The Lower Gatineau Woodlands Survey

On April 3, 1935, the chairman of the League's research committee, Percy Sparks, urged Interior Minister T.G. Murphy to commission a study of the Gatineau Hills' woodlands.[4]

The resulting report, the Lower Gatineau Woodlands Survey, described the "effects of wood cutting operations and of fires on the aesthetic value of the forests" in the lower Gatineau valley and recommended remedial measures. The Survey drew up a history of forest fires and logging activities throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, examined the excessive logging caused by the depression, and dealt with other questions such as land ownership, timber growth rates, yield per acre, etc. It concluded that nearly 40 percent of the area surveyed had been "completely or partially cut" in the previous 20 years.

The Survey outlined eight options to control excessive cutting in the area, including public education, land purchase and the creation of a national park. Of the alternatives discussed, the report recommended gradual land purchase. This would allow the government to acquire the most important areas and purchase additional land as funds and time allowed. The national park method was downplayed, because the size of the area studied – about 16,000 acres (65 km2) – was too small and it was felt the scheme would be too expensive and complicated in the short term.

Although the Survey was published in late 1935, the government didn’t start purchasing land until 1938. Two factors explain this delay: first, a new government was elected in late 1935, with Mackenzie King’s Liberals defeating the Bennett Conservatives; second, King seemed very hesitant and cautious in this regard, since he’d been wrongly accused in 1927 of wanting to build a national parkway to ease access to his summer residence at Kingsmere. Moreover, King’s journal entry of December 20, 1937 indicates that he continued to fear criticism in this regard and needed prodding to take action. The entry relates a conversation King had with Finance Minister Charles Dunning concerning the creation of a national park in the Gatineau Hills:

He wanted to know what I wished to have done. I told him that the matter had stood over last year because of my feeling that people might think I was seeking to improve property around Kingsmere. I have come to the conclusion this year that I should not let possible misunderstanding of my ownership at Kingsmere stand in the way of a much-needed preservation of the forest. I told him I wished them to go ahead with the work, though personally it meant less in the way of seclusion for myself on the way to and from Kingsmere to have even the Meach Lake district open to tourists. I believe that we owe it to the Capital of Canada to save that part of its environment. I think he will agree to the $100,000 being appropriated for that purpose.[5][6]

On October 9, 1937, Sparks was elected president of the Federal Woodlands Preservation League to replace Harry Baldwin. And, on December 13, 1937, Sparks sent a memorandum to King’s office concerning the League's recent activities. The memorandum proposed an action plan for creating Gatineau Park, including the number of acres to be acquired and their cost, as well as public information and funding plans. It also informed Prime Minister King that Sparks would be giving a speech on this issue at the Chateau Laurier on January 18, 1938.

Land purchases begin

As a result of League efforts, land purchases for Gatineau Park began in 1938. By 1941, 14,553 acres (58.89 km2) had been acquired. However, the war put a stop to land acquisitions and to League activities. Following the war, in 1945, the League resumed its activities by pressing the government to continue expanding and developing the park. Though it had been created in 1938, the park remained without shape or direction. To solve the problem, Sparks wrote what is in essence the first Gatineau Park master plan: the Memorandum on the Enlargement and Development of the Gatineau Park, submitted to the Federal District Commission on October 9, 1945. The document recommended that the park’s size be increased to at least 50,000 acres (200 km2), provided a funding scheme for the purchase of land, and recommended the building of a parkway and recreational facilities.

Advisory Committee on Gatineau Park

The League dissolved in 1947, when its more prominent members were appointed to the Federal District Commission's Advisory Committee on Gatineau Park.

Former League President Percy Sparks was unanimously elected chairman of the Advisory Committee at its first meeting in 1947. He continued to make significant contributions to park planning by writing the 1949 Report of the Advisory Committee on the Gatineau Park, and the 1952 Report on the Master Plan for the Development of Gatineau Park. The latter document highlighted significant divisions among committee members over the issue of private property in the park.

Sparks resigns from Gatineau Park committee

In 1954, Sparks resigned from the Advisory Committee over a disagreement with Federal District Commission Chairman General Howard Kennedy. In his last public statement on the park, a 1956 Memorandum to a joint parliamentary committee, Sparks charged that certain landowners were undermining park development for selfish reasons, underlining that General Howard Kennedy owned land in Gatineau Park.[7] Sparks also mentioned that Lac Philippe residents had received expropriation notices, while their Meech Lake and Kingsmere counterparts had not, although the Meech and Kingsmere Lakes were far more important to park development.[8]

League and Sparks officially recognized

The National Capital Commission recognized Sparks' key contribution as president of the Federal Woodlands Preservation League, and Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Gatineau Park, during an official ceremony dedicating the Roderick Percy Sparks Exhibition Hall in the park's visitor centre on July 8, 2005.[9]

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See also

References
  1. The New Woodlands Preservation League, Roderick Percy Sparks: Founder of Gatineau Park, brief submitted to the National Capital Commission’s Board of Directors, April 4, 2003.
  2. King, MacKenzie (September 1933). "King Diaries, September 20, 1933". Retrieved 2009-08-28.
  3. Messier, Denis (Fall 2007). "The Gatineau Park Chronicle, Fall 2007, pp. 3-4," (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 2009-08-28.(Note: the Chronicle contains numerous errors of fact.)
  4. Gagnon, Serge & Michel Filion (August 2009). "The Creation and Early Development of Gatineau Park, pp. 14-23" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2009-08-28. Note: this study has been seriously criticized for trying to downplay Sparks's role in the creation of Gatineau Park: See: "Give Credit to Park's Founder," by Jean-Paul Murray, Ottawa Citizen, December 22, 2004, p. D4.
  5. King, MacKenzie (December 1937). "King Diaries, December 20, 1937, p. 114B". Retrieved 2009-08-28.
  6. Banks, Tommy (May 2008). "Speech, Annual General Meeting, Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, Ottawa Valley Chapter, Thursday, May 15, 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-08-15.
  7. Memorandum to the Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on the Federal District Commission, R.P. Sparks, 1956 : www.gatineauparc.ca/documents_en.html.
  8. The New Woodlands Preservation League, Roderick Percy Sparks: Founder of Gatineau Park, brief submitted to the National Capital Commission’s Board of Directors, April 4, 2003.
  9. Dare, Patrick (2005-07-09). "Gatineau Park visionary gets his due". Ottawa Citizen. p. E3.
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