Fast of Gedalia
The Fast of Gedalia (/ˌɡɛdəˈlaɪ.ə, ɡəˈdɑːliə/; Hebrew: צוֹם גְּדַלְיָה Tzom Gedalya), also transliterated from the Hebrew language as Gedaliah or Gedalya(h), is a minor Jewish fast day from dawn until dusk to lament the assassination of Gedaliah, the righteous governor of Judah. His death ended Jewish autonomy following the destruction of the First Temple.[1]
| Fast of Gedaliah | |
|---|---|
| Official name | Hebrew: צוֹם גְּדַלְיָה |
| Also called | Fast of the seventh month |
| Observed by | Jews |
| Type | Jewish |
| Significance | Mourning the assassination of Gedaliah |
| Observances | Fasting |
| Begins | 3rd day of Tishrei at dawn (if Shabbat, then 4th day of Tishrei at dawn) |
| Ends | The same day, at sunset |
| 2019 date | October 2 |
| 2020 date | September 21 |
| Related to | Ten Days of Repentance |
Origins
When the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar conquered Jerusalem, he killed or exiled most of its inhabitants and appointed Gedaliah[2], son of Achikam, as governor of the now-Babylonian province of Judah. Many Jews who had fled to Moab, Ammon, Edom, and other neighboring lands returned to Judah, tended the vineyards again, and enjoyed a new respite after their earlier suffering.
However, Baalis, king of Ammon, was hostile and envious of the Judean remnant and sent a Judean, Yishmael Ben Netaniah, who was descended from the royal family of Judea, to assassinate Gedaliah. In the seventh month (Tishrei) of 582/1 BCE (some four to five years following the destruction of the Temple, although the exact year is unclear and subject to dispute; others claim the assassination took place in the same year as the destruction), a group of Jews led by Yishmael came to Gedaliah in the town of Mitzpa and were received cordially. Gedaliah had been warned of his guest's murderous intent, but refused to believe his informants, believing their report was mere slander. Yishmael murdered Gedaliah, together with most of the Jews who had joined him and many Babylonians whom the Babylonian King had left with Gedaliah. The remaining Jews feared the vengeance of the Babylonian King (in view of the fact that the King's chosen ruler, Gedaliah, had been killed by a Jew) and fled to Egypt.[3]
In Hebrew Bible
The events are recounted briefly in the Hebrew Bible in 2 Kings 25:25–26:
But it came to pass in the seventh month, that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, the son of Elishama, of the seed royal, came, and ten men with him, and smote Gedaliah, that he died, and the Jews and the Chaldeans that were with him at Mitzpah. And all the people, both small and great, and the captains of the forces, arose, and came to Egypt; for they were afraid of the Chaldeans.
A fuller account is in Jeremiah, chapter 41,[4] where the murder of a group of envoys and the kidnapping of the gubernatorial staff and family are also related:
In the seventh month, Ishmael son of Nethaniah son of Elishama, of the royal family, one of the chief officers of the king, came with ten men to Gedaliah son of Ahikam, at Mizpah. As they ate bread together there at Mizpah, Ishmael son of Nethaniah and ten men with him got up and struck down Gedaliah son of Ahikam son Shaphan with the sword and killed him, because the king of Babylon had appointed him governor in the land. Ishmael also killed all the Judeans who were with Gedaliah at Mizpah, and the Chaldean soldiers who happened to be there.[5]
In Josephus
In Josephus' books of the Antiquities of the Jews, the story of the conspiracy is provided in considerable detail.[6]
Institution of fast
The surviving remnant of Jews was thus dispersed and the land remained desolate. In remembrance of these tribulations, the Jewish sages instituted the 'Fast of the Seventh' (see Zechariah 8:19) on the day of Gedaliah's assassination in the seventh month.
The Bible does not specify on which day of the seventh month Gedaliah was killed. However, the Hebrew word hodesh can mean "new moon" as well as "month", suggesting that he was killed on the first of the month.[7] According to the Talmud, Gedaliah was killed on the third of the month.[8] Other sources suggest that Gedaliah was killed on the first of the month, but the fast is delayed until after Rosh Hashanah, since fasting is prohibited during a festival.[9]
According to the Talmud, the aim of the fast day is "to establish that the death of the righteous is likened to the burning of the House of our God."[8] Just as fasts were ordained to commemorate the destruction of the Jewish Temple, likewise a fast was ordained to commemorate the death of Gedaliah.
Dates
The fast is observed on the third of Tishrei in the Hebrew calendar. This is the day after the second day of Rosh Hashanah. The Gregorian (civil) date for the Fast of Gedalia varies from year to year.
When Rosh Hashanah falls on Thursday and Friday, the fast is postponed until Sunday (which would be the fourth of Tishrei), since no public fast may be observed on Shabbat (Saturday) with the exception of Yom Kippur. That was most recently the case in 2017, and will next happen in 2024.
Dates of the fast in recent years:
- 2019: Wednesday, October 2
- 2020: Monday, September 21
- 2021: Thursday, September 9
- 2022: Wednesday, September 28
- 2023: Monday, September 18
Observances
The fast is observed from dawn until dusk.[10] As with regular fast days, the hazzan includes the prayer Aneinu in the repetition of the Amidah during Shacharit and Mincha as a separate Bracha between the prayers for redemption and healing, and in the private recitation of the Mincha amidah it is recited as an addition to Shema Koleinu (general prayer acceptance). The Avinu Malkeinu prayer is recited and as it is during the Ten Days of Repentance the additions reference the new year. A Torah scroll is taken from the ark and the passages of Ki Tissa are read from the Torah (Exodus 32:11–14 and 34:1–10). The same Torah reading is added at Mincha, followed in Ashkenazic congregations by a Haftarah reading. As the fast falls during the days of Penitence, the S'lichot prayer is recited before the start of Shacharit and incorporates also an extra paragraph relating to the Fast of Gedaliah. There is no Slichot service at the time of the repetition of the Amidah.
In the Spanish and Portuguese rite, the prayers are recited from the Book of Prayers for Fast Days. There are lengthy additions to the prayers that are not found in the daily and Sabbath siddur, and that are specific to the day as well as prayers that are common to all the fast days with the exception of Yom Kippur.
References
- "Jewish Holidays: The Fast of Gedaliah". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
- "Fast of Gedallah/Gedalia". Jewish Encyclopedia.
- Orthodox Union description of the Fast of Gedalia
- Hebrew/English text of Jeremiah, 41 online at Mechon Mamre, accessed 2008-10-02
- The New Oxford Annotated Bible, 3rd Ed. 2001
- Flavius Josephus. "9". Antiquities of the Jews. X.
- Radak on Jeremiah 41:1
- Rosh Hashana 18b
- http://www.daat.ac.il/encyclopedia/value.asp?id1=1098
- Menachem Posner. "Tzom Gedaliah Fast Day - What, why and how we mourn on the day after Rosh Hashanah". www.chabad.org. Retrieved 2017-09-25.