Ernest J. Sternglass

Ernest Joachim Sternglass (September 24, 1923 – February 12, 2015) was a professor emeritus at the University of Pittsburgh and director of the Radiation and Public Health Project. He is an American physicist and author, best known for his controversial research on the health risks of low-level radiation from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and from nuclear power plants.

Ernest J. Sternglass
Born
Ernest Joachim Sternglass

(1923-09-24)September 24, 1923
Berlin, Germany
DiedFebruary 12, 2015(2015-02-12) (aged 91)
Ithaca, New York, United States
NationalityGerman, American
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsNaval Ordnance Laboratory
Westinghouse Research Laboratories
University of Pittsburgh
Radiation and Public Health Project

Early life

Both of his parents were physicians. When Ernest was fourteen, the Sternglass family left Germany in 1938 to avoid the Nazi regime. He completed high school at the age of sixteen, then entered Cornell, registering for an engineering program.

Financial difficulties encountered by his family forced him to leave school for a year. By the time he returned to Cornell, the U.S. had entered World War II. Sternglass volunteered for the navy. He was about to ship out when the atomic bomb was detonated over Hiroshima. After the war Sternglass married.

Research career

In Washington, D.C. he worked as a civilian employee at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, which researched military weapons. Sternglass began studying night vision devices, which led him to work with radiation. In 1947, his first son was born, and he had the opportunity to meet Albert Einstein. They discussed his results which suggested a low energy creation of neutrons, a work that came to be rediscovered four decades later.[1]

From 1952 to 1967 Sternglass worked at the Westinghouse Research Laboratory. Early in his time at Westinghouse, he proposed a technology for image intensification.[2] He also published a formula for interplanetary dust charging,[3] which is still used extensively.[4] All his work there involved nuclear instrumentation. At first he studied fluoroscopy, which "exposes an individual to a considerable dose of radiation." Then he worked on a new kind of television tube for satellites. Eventually, he was put in charge of the Lunar Station program at Westinghouse.[5] During his time at Westinghouse, he worked on a wide range of projects, including applying magnetohydrodynamics to gas-cooled reactor systems, and helping to develop the video cameras used in Project Apollo.[6]

In 1967, Sternglass moved to the Department of Radiology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, where he eventually was named professor emeritus. While there, through the early 1990s, he led pioneering work on the development of digital X-ray technology for medical imaging.[7]

Sternglass was director, co-founder, and chief technical officer of the Radiation and Public Health Project (RPHP). He died of heart failure on February 12, 2015, in Ithaca, New York.[8]

Claims of radiation harm

In the early 1960s Sternglass became aware of the work of Alice Stewart. Stewart was head of the Department of Preventive Medicine of Oxford University, responsible for a pioneering study on the effects of low-level radiation in England. Stewart had discovered that a small amount of radiation to an unborn child could double the child's chances for leukemia and cancer.

In the 1960s, Sternglass studied the effect of nuclear fallout on infants and children. He claimed not only an increase in leukemia and cancer, but a significant increase in infant mortality. In 1963 he published the paper "Cancer: Relation of Prenatal Radiation to Development of the Disease in Childhood" in the journal Science.[9]

In 1963, Sternglass testified before the congressional Joint Committee on Atomic Energy regarding the level of strontium-90 found in children as part of the Baby Tooth Survey. The result of bomb-test fallout, strontium-90, was associated with increased childhood leukemia. His studies played a role in the Partial Test Ban Treaty signed by President John F. Kennedy.

In 1969, Sternglass reached the conclusion that 400,000 infants had died because of medical problems caused by fallout—chiefly lowered resistance to disease and reductions in birth weight.[10] In an article in Esquire, he claimed that the fallout from the nuclear explosions of an Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system would kill all children in the U.S.[11] (This claim was distorted by Dixy Lee Ray in 1989, asserting that Sternglass had said this of all nuclear weapons testing, in an op-ed in which she also dismissed anthropogenic global warming as "the current scare".[12]) Freeman Dyson, taking up the debate over ABM systems in the pages of Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, disagreed with Sternglass, although he admitted

The evidence is not sufficient to prove Sternglass is right [but] the essential point is that Sternglass may be right. The margin of uncertainty in the effects of world-wide fallout is so large that we have no justification for dismissing Sternglass's numbers as fantastic."[13]

In 1971, Sternglass claimed that infant mortality rates increased in communities living in close proximity to nuclear industrial facilities. His study included several nuclear power plants and a nuclear fuel reprocessing facility. He claimed that when setting allowable limits for nuclear industrial emissions "the AEC grossly misjudged the sensitivity of the fetus."[14]

In 1974, Sternglass identified elevated levels of radiation and increased cancer and infant mortality incidence in Shippingport, Pennsylvania. This prompted a scientific review initiated by Pennsylvania governor, Milton Shapp. The review concluded that "it was impossible to rule out the fact that there may have been a relationship between environmental radiation exposure from the Shippingport operation and an increased death rate in the population."[15]

In 1979, Sternglass began extending his analyses of fallout effects to embrace behavioral disorders, including academic deficits seen in high school students.[16] Later he was to blame radioactivity for higher crime rates and higher AIDS mortality.[17]

Critical responses

Alice Stewart, whose work was the inspiration for the work of Sternglass on radiation health effects, firmly repudiated it, saying of an encounter with him in 1969:

Sternglass had been tremendously excited about our findings [....] But he had exaggerated what we'd said, grossly exaggerated, and we comment on this in the New Scientist.[18] He's said that we'd shown that fetal x-rays had doubled the infant mortality rate, when all we'd said was you'd doubled the chance of a child's dying from cancer. Well, the difference is that one is measured in thousands and the other in single figures [....] Sternglass was a supporter of our work, but he had got our figures very wrong, and we couldn't have our statistics misused like that.[19]

A review in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Sternglass's 1972 Low-Level Radiation lauded the author for bringing the risks (and the nuclear industry's reluctance to discuss them openly) to public attention, with a relatively "calm presentation" compared to other recent titles, however, the reviewers sided more with Stewart on methodology, saying that it was

... over-confident in its manner of reaching conclusions. [....] his method is to [...] to amass many instances of events under various conditions, necessarily uncontrolled, that seem to corroborate the same trend. [...] it seems likely that he has exercised some selectivity, emphasizing favorable cases over those showing no distinct trend. [....] his work should be but a beginning.

Three Mile Island

In April 1979, Sternglass was invited to testify to Congressional hearings on the Three Mile Island accident. Two days later, when the hearings were moved from the House to the Senate, he was told his testimony was no longer desired. Sternglass believed that an effort was being made to suppress any evidence about possible deaths as a result of the accident.[20] In a paper presented at an engineering and architecture congress, Sternglass argued that an excess of 430 infant deaths in the U.S. northeast that summer could largely be attributed to Three Mile Island radiation releases.[21] This led some writers on environmental issues to claim that he had proven that figure as a minimum.[22]

Sternglass's methodology was criticized—including by the medical researcher who provided him with the statistics (Gordon MacLeod), and by an otherwise-sympathetic researcher with the Natural Resources Defense Council (Arthur Tamplin) -- on several counts:[23]

  • for not attaining statistical significance (Frank Greenberg, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC);
  • for lacking a sufficient baseline, since screening for hypothyroidism hadn't started until 1978 (Greenberg)
  • for not looking at the number of babies who didn't die (Gary Stein, CDC);
  • for not noticing that the sex ratio of newborns hadn't changed—males being more susceptible to fetal injury than females (Stein; George Tokuhata, Pennsylvania Health Department, director of epidemiology),
  • for "ignoring [areas for analysis] close to the reactor, where the infant mortality was very low" (Tokuhata);
  • for simply being incomplete (Tamplin).

As well, he had relied on figures that had incorrectly compounded fetal deaths with infant mortality (Tokuhata).

Cosmological theories

Sternglass also wrote the book Before the Big Bang: the Origins of the Universe, in which he offers an argument for the Lemaître theory of the primeval atom. He offers technical data showing the plausibility of an original super massive relativistic electron-positron pair. This particle contained the entire mass of the universe and through a series of 270 divisions created everything that now exists. If true, this would help ameliorate some of the problems with the current models, namely inflation and black hole singularities. E. J. Sternglass, Relativistic Electron-Pair Systems and the Structure of Neutral Mesons,Phys. Rev., 123, 391 (1961). E. J. Sternglass, A Model for the Early Universe and the Connection between Gravitation and the Quantum Nature of Matter, Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, 41, 203 (1984).

Books
  • Ernest J. Sternglass (1981) Secret Fallout: low-level radiation from Hiroshima to Three-Mile Island. ISBN 0-07-061242-0. Originally published in 1972 under the title Low-Level Radiation with an introduction by Nobel Laureate George Wald.
  • Ernest J. Sternglass (1997) Before the Big Bang: the origins of the universe. ISBN 1-56858-087-8.
gollark: Because it's a good story?
gollark: I read a good 357k-word story centered around abuse of D&D mechanics, among other things.
gollark: I don't play it, I just know about some random bits of it.
gollark: Well, anarchowhatever *sounds* chaotic, but you just do all the "ah yes look at me I am edgy anarchist" things, so more lawful-leaning there.
gollark: I'll put you down as neutral evil.

See also

References
  1. Mark Anderson, Einstein’s Lost Hypothesis, Nautilus, issue 7, Nov. 28, 2013
  2. Wachtel, M.M.; Doughty, D.D.; Anderson, A.E. (1960). "The Transmission Secondary Emission Image Intensifier". In J D McGee; W L Wilcock (eds.). Photo-Electric Image Devices. Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics: Serial Publication Series. New York, NY: Elsevier. pp. 61, 63. ISBN 0-12-014512-X.
  3. Sternglass, EJ (1954). "Sci. Pap. 1772". Pittsburgh, PA: Westinghouse Research Laboratory. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. Graps, Amara L.; Grun, Eberhard (June 2000). "Dust in the Earth's Magnetosphere: Properties, Charging, and Dynamics" (PDF). Summary Report for ESA Contract 13145/98/NL/WK : Update of Statistical Meteoroid/Debris Models for GEO: 14. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  5. Scientific studies on the moon (Proposed emplaced scientific station for lunar surface studies) MORRIS, V B | SHELTON, R D | STERNGLASS, E J WESTINGHOUSE ENGINEER. Vol. 27, pp. 66-72. May 1967
  6. Torrey, Lee (24 April 1980). "Radiation cloud over nuclear power: Did Three Mile Island kill babies in Pennsylvania?". New Scientist. London. 86 (1204): 197–9.
  7. Friedlander, Blaine (17 February 2015). "Physicist Ernest Sternglass dies at 91". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  8. "Physicist Ernest Sternglass dies at 91".
  9. E.J. Sternglass. "Cancer: Relation of Prenatal Radiation to Development of the Disease in Childhood", Science, 7 June 1963: Vol. 140. no. 3571, pp. 1102 - 1104.
  10. Clarfield, Gerald H.; Wiecek, William M. (1984). Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940–1980. New York: Harper & Row. p. 359. ISBN 0-06-015336-9.
  11. Sternglass, Sep 1969, "The Death of All Children", Esquire magazine
  12. Ray, Dixy Lee (1989). "Who Speaks for Science?" (PDF). Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 30 (11): 1768–72 [p. 1772].
  13. Freeman Dyson, "A Case for Missile Defense," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April 1969; and Dyson, "Comments on Sternglass's Thesis," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, June 1969, p. 27.
  14. "Pittsburgh professor claims nuclear power plants increase infant deaths (1971) - on Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  15. "Dying Town Update - Shippingport, Pennsylvania (1977)". The Daily Times. 16 November 1977. p. 6. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  16. Ernest Sternglass and Stephen Bell, "Fallout and the Decline of Scholastic Aptitude Scores," a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York, New York, September 3, 1979
  17. Sternglass, Ernest J.; Mangano, Joseph J.; McDonnell, William; Gould, Jay M. (June 1996). The Enemy Within: The High Cost of Living Near Nuclear Reactors : Breast Cancer, AIDS, Low Birthweights, And Other Radiation-induced Immune Deficiency Effects. Four Walls Eight Windows. ISBN 1-56858-066-5.
  18. Stewart, Alice (24 July 1969). "The Pitfalls of Extrapolation". New Scientist: 15.
  19. Greene, Gayle (2001). The Woman Who Knew Too Much: Alice Stewart and the Secrets of Radiation. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-472-08783-5.
  20. Ernest J. Sternglass (1981) Secret Fallout: low-level radiation from Hiroshima to Three-Mile Island
  21. Sternglass, E.J. (25 January 1980). Infant Mortality Changes following the Three Mile Island Accident (PDF). Tel Aviv, Israel: 5th World Congress of Engineers and Architects. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  22. An introduction to global environmental issues by Kevin T. Pickering p. 246.
  23. Information, Reed Business (24 April 1980). "Scientists challenge baby deaths at Three Mile Island". New Scientist. London. 86 (1204): 180.

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