Enstatite chondrite

Enstatite chondrites (also known as E-type chondrites) are a rare form of meteorite thought to comprise only about 2% of the chondrites that fall on Earth.[1] Only about 200 E-Type chondrites are currently known.[1]

Enstatite chondrite
— Class —
Section of the Abee meteorite, an enstatite chondrite, on display at the Royal Ontario Museum
Compositional typeStony
TypeChondrite
Parent body16 Psyche
Total known specimens~200
Alternative namesE-type chondrites

Origin

E-type chondrites are among the most chemically reduced rocks known, with most of their iron taking the form of metal or sulfide rather than an oxide. They tend to be high in the mineral enstatite (MgSiO3), from which they derive their name.[1] Based on spectral analysis, it has been suggested that the asteroid 16 Psyche may be the common parent for this type of meteorite.

Composition
Saint-Sauveur meteorite, enstatite chondrite. Muséum de Toulouse.

Unlike most other chondrites, the minerals in enstatite chondrites contain almost no iron oxide; they are the most oxygen-poor silicate rocks known. They are also the driest objects in the solar system, consisting of only 0.01% water.[2] Metallic Fe-Ni (iron-nickel) and Fe-bearing sulfide minerals contain nearly all of the iron in this type of meteorite. Enstatite chondrites contain a variety of unusual minerals that can only form in extremely reducing conditions, including oldhamite (CaS), niningerite (MgS), perryite (Fe-Ni silicide), and alkali sulfides (e.g., djerfisherite and caswellsilverite). All enstatite chondrites are dominantly composed of enstatite-rich chondrules plus abundant grains of metal and sulfide minerals. Dusty matrix material is uncommon and refractory inclusions are very rare. Chemically, enstatite chondrites are very low in refractory lithophile elements. Their oxygen isotopic compositions are intermediate between ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites, and are similar to rocks found on the Earth and Moon. Their lack of oxygen content may mean that they were originally formed near the center of the solar nebula that created the solar system, possibly within the orbit of Mercury. Most enstatite chondrites have experienced thermal metamorphism on the parent asteroids. They are divided into two groups:[3][4]

  • EH (high-iron) chondrites contain small chondrules (~0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in)) and high ratios of siderophile elements to silicon. Somewhat more than 10% of the rock is composed of metal grains. A diagnostic feature of EH chondrites is that the Fe-Ni metal contains ~3 wt% elemental silicon.
  • EL (low-iron) chondrites contain larger chondrules (>0.5 millimetres (0.020 in)), and low ratios of siderophile elements to silicon. Fe-Ni metal contains ~1 wt% silicon.

Superlatives

The largest known recorded E-type chondrite fall happened in the town of Abee, in Alberta in 1952. The 107 kilograms (236 lb) stone fell in a farmer's wheat field, creating an impact pit 0.7 m in diameter and 1.5 m deep.[5] Based on estimates of its velocity and inclination, it is thought to have arrived on a relatively low-speed, low-inclination orbit that had a perihelion near 0.95 AU and an aphelion probably close to 2.74 AU.[6] It is classified as being a shock-melted breccia, its minerals having recrystallized after the impact that knocked it off of its parent body.[7] The meteorite was acquired by the Geological Survey of Canada,[8] and a large sample of it is on display at the Royal Ontario Museum.

The largest known E-type chondrite in the asteroid belt may be 21 Lutetia, with a diameter of approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi),[9] based on observations from the Rosetta spacecraft, ESO's New Technology Telescope, NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, and the Spitzer Space Telescope.

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See also

References
  1. Norton, O.R. and Chitwood, L.A. Field Guide to Meteors and Meteorites, Springer-Verlag, London 2008
  2. Origin and formation of planetary systems - ResearchGate
  3. "Meteoritical Bulletin: Recommended classifications". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  4. "Meteoritical Bulletin: Recommended classifications". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  5. Griffin, A. A., Millman, P. M., & Halliday, I. "The Fall of the Abee Meteorite and its Probable Orbit", Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Journal (ISSN 0035-872X), vol. 86, p.8 Feb. 1992.
  6. Griffin, A. A., Millman, P. M., & Halliday, I. "The Fall of the Abee Meteorite and its Probable Orbit", Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Journal (ISSN 0035-872X), vol. 86, p.11 Feb. 1992.
  7. Ivliev, A.I. Kashkarov, L.L Kalinina, G.VF Kuyunko, N.S. Lavrentyeva, Z.A. Lyul, A.Yu. Skripnik, A.Ya "Research of Shock-Thermal History of the Enstatite Chondrites by Track, Thermoluminescnce and Neutron-Activation (NAA) Methods" Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV, 2004
  8. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2005-10-27. Retrieved 2009-01-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Abee, Alberta
  9. Lutetia: A rare survivor from the birth of Earth, by ESO, Garching, Germany, Published: November 14, 2011
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