Elvis (1968 TV program)

Singer Presents...Elvis (commonly referred to as the '68 Comeback Special) is a televised concert of American singer Elvis Presley, aired by NBC on December 3, 1968. It marked Presley's return to live performance after seven years during which his career was centered on the movie business. Presley was unhappy with his distance from musical trends of the time and the low quality movie productions he was involved in.

Singer Presents...Elvis
Publicity poster for the special, seen in Singer stores
Also known as'68 Comeback Special
Written byChris Bearde
Allan Blye
Directed bySteve Binder
StarringElvis Presley
Composer(s)Billy Goldenberg
Country of originUnited States
Original language(s)English
Production
Producer(s)Steve Binder
Bones Howe
Production location(s)Burbank, California
Editor(s)Wayne Kenworthy
Armond Poitras
Camera setupMulti-camera
Running time50 minutes
DistributorNBC (TV Special)
Sony Music Entertainment (DVD releases)
Release
Original networkNBC
Original releaseDecember 3, 1968 (1968-12-03)

Initially planned as a Christmas special by the network and Presley's manager Colonel Tom Parker, producer Bob Finkel transformed the idea. He hired director Steve Binder to update Presley's sound, and to create a concert that would be current and appeal to a younger audience. Filming took place in June 1968 at NBC Studios in Burbank, California. The show consisted of a sit-down section, stand-up numbers and two musicals. The sit-down session showcased Presley in an informal setting, surrounded by fans and small band.

The special garnered positive reviews when it aired, topped the Nielsen television ratings for the week, and was the most watched show of the season. Later known as the "Comeback Special", it re-launched Presley's singing career and his return to live performance.

Background

After he returned from serving in the United States Army in March 1960, Presley enjoyed success with his album releases. G.I. Blues, the soundtrack album to his movie G.I. Blues (1960) topped both the Billboard Pop Albums chart and the UK Albums Chart in October 1960. On March 25, 1961, Presley played a concert in Hawaii to benefit the construction of the USS Arizona Memorial. It would be his last public performance for seven years. Presley's next number one album on the Billboard Pop Albums chart was Something for Everybody released in June 1961.[1]

Presley (left) and Joan Blondell in October 1967, featured on a publicity portrait for Stay Away, Joe. After years of working for the film industry, Presley became unhappy with the quality of his roles.

His manager, Colonel Tom Parker, decided to shift the focus of Presley's career to movie-making, and stopped him touring. The films were low-budget, formulaic comedies. Their releases were successful at the box office, while the resulting albums sold well. Presley attempted to move into more dramatic roles, trying to reduce the prominence of musical numbers to center on his acting with Flaming Star (1960) and Wild in the Country (1961).[2] Both releases flopped, and by 1964 Parker decided to limit all recordings exclusively to movie soundtracks. Parker then set the Presley formula: the films would promote album releases, while album releases would promote the films.[3]

To further cheapen the process, producer Hal Wallis decided to shorten filming schedules, almost abandoning rehearsals and retakes. He stopped shooting on location and centered all his activities in the studio. Wallis also resorted to smaller studios, dropping experienced crews. Scenes were limited to long shots, medium shots and close-ups to speed up the process. Meanwhile, studio recordings also declined in quality, with musicians often recording their parts before Presley himself. By 1965, Presley was paid $750,000 and fifty percent of the film profits for his appearance in Tickle Me (1965). This payment made up most of the film's budget. Since the studio, Allied Artists, had financial problems, Parker decided to put unused songs from other studio sessions on the soundtrack and instructed the studio to work them into the film. The tight production worked, and on its release, it was a box office success.[4]

Girl Happy (1965) marked the first failure of this approach. The soundtrack was Presley's most unsuccessful release, while the film barely grossed $2 million.[5] Despite the success of Parker's model, Presley soon grew discontented with the quality of his work. With the passage of time, he considered his connection to the music business was being weakened, and he felt depressed and alienated as the quality of his films deteriorated.[6] During a five-year span—1964 through 1968—Presley had only one top-ten hit: "Crying in the Chapel" (1965), a gospel number recorded in 1960.[7] While the 1964 release Viva Las Vegas enjoyed success, the follow-up films saw a progressive decline. By 1967, the difficulty of negotiating with Parker and the poor performance of the films led Wallis to opt out of his contract with Presley.[8]

NBC deal

In October 1967, Parker approached West Coast vice president of NBC, Tom Sarnoff. Parker proposed a deal for a Christmas television special. The US$1,250,000 package included the financing of a motion picture (for US$850,000), its soundtrack (for US$25,000), the television special (US$250,000) and US$125,000 reserved for the costs related to a re-run.[9] The special was to be included in the feature Singer Presents..., sponsored by the Singer Corporation.[10]

Presley's initial reaction to the special was negative. He felt it was another scheme by Parker and was angered by the idea of singing Christmas carols on national television.[11] His opinion started to change after he began talks with the special's producer, Bob Finkel. Finkel was able to persuade Singer, NBC and Parker to alter the show's original concept. He obtained Parker's approval on agreeing to his terms: the show was to be centered only on Presley, while enough material for a soundtrack album and a Christmas single was to be recorded. Presley's enthusiasm for the project grew, and he assured Finkel he was ready to perform new material, different from anything he had previously done. He had no interest in Parker's opinion of the project.[12]

To reflect the new direction Presley's career was intended to take, Finkel thought of director Steve Binder. Binder had directed the concert film T.A.M.I. Show and worked for NBC on Hullabaloo, as well as for the Petula Clark television special aired by the network. Finkel felt the addition of Binder would refresh Presley's image, and the director would be able to re-introduce him to the new audiences. Initially reluctant to direct the special, Binder was convinced by his associate, Bones Howe. Howe met Presley during the 1950s, while he worked at Radio Recorders as an audio engineer. He insisted on working with Presley, since he thought Binder had similar production methods. A meeting was arranged with Parker, during which Presley's manager assured the team they would be given full creative control, while he stressed that the publishing rights to the material had to be under Presley's name. Howe and Binder met with Presley later that week, and told the singer they would prepare all the details of the special, and have them ready by the time he returned from his vacation in Hawaii.[13]

Production

Binder and Howe then hired the production crew, repeating their collaboration with various people they had used for past specials. Billy Goldenberg was assigned as the musical director, while the Presley camp chose Billy Strange as the arranger. Chris Bearde and Allan Blye were hired as the writers, and Bill Belew for the costume design. Bearde and Blye proposed an idea based on Maurice Maeterlinck's The Blue Bird. It was intended to portray Presley's career through his songs, with its climax coming together in the special. Singer's representative, Alfred Discipio, approved the idea, as did Parker. The snippets of the story were connected by a number covering Jerry Reed's "Guitar Man".[14] An informal segment was planned featuring Presley talking to members of his entourage in a scripted conversation that was to show him as self-deprecating while discussing his movie performances. A gospel number would be added, as well as a live stand-up performance. Then the Christmas song, requested by Parker, would be played; the special would close with a spoken statement by Presley. Binder wanted him to express his feelings about the current situation in the US. Presley had been moved by the recent assassinations of Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. King's assassination deeply touched Presley, who felt that his killing, having taken place in Memphis, Tennessee, "only confirmed everyone's worst feelings about the south".[15]

By June 3, Presley returned to Hollywood to start the rehearsals that would last for two weeks. At the time, Howe insisted on the possibility of a soundtrack for the album, with the idea of collecting royalties from it as the producer. NBC saw Howe's attitude as a potential danger to the special and ordered Binder to remove him from the staff. The production was further complicated when Goldenberg complained to Binder about Strange not turning in any musical arrangements for the special with only two weeks before the end of pre-production. Binder talked to Strange, who left the special alleging he was too busy with other projects. A week before the end of rehearsals, the production team allowed Howe to return as producer and engineer.[16]

Presley performing in the special

On June 17, the team moved to the NBC studios in Burbank, California. Goldenberg asked producer Finkel to remove Presley's large entourage from the production area, complaining that his companions interfered with the creative process. Presley started to work with choreographer Lance LeGault on the planned numbers, and Belew started to work with the costumes.[17]

Binder and Howe developed the concept of the informal section of the show after seeing Presley interacting with his entourage while playing music during breaks. Binder planned to shoot the segment in the locker room to give the public a sense of how Presley's music was developed in an intimate setting. Parker opposed this concept. Binder settled for a sit-down concert, set in a small stage that resembled a boxing ring. He called Presley's first backup musicians, Scotty Moore and DJ Fontana, to accentuate the nature of the singer's musical origins (Presley's original bassist, Bill Black, had passed away in 1965). They were also joined by members of Presley's entourage Charlie Hodge and Alan Fortas. The scripted part was cancelled, but the writers gave Presley a list of topics to discuss between songs. The topics included mentions of his early career, his Hollywood years and the current music business.[14]

On June 20, Presley started the recording process at United Western Recorders. Howe arranged for rhythm section, session musicians from Los Angeles. The band was composed of drummer Hal Blaine and guitarists Mike Deasy and Tommy Tedesco. Part of the string and brass sections of the NBC orchestra were also enlisted.[18] All the material, except the live sections of the show, was pre-recorded by Presley. It was to be blended with live vocals during the production numbers, which were taped on June 27.[19]

On the same day, Presley taped the first sit-down show. Colonel Parker had told the NBC team he would take care of the ticket distribution. He assured them he would fly fans from different parts of the country to fill the studio. By the day of the show, however, Parker had not distributed the tickets, and only a few people were in line to see the taping. Binder and Finkel invited people from a restaurant across the street and put an announcement on a local radio station to round up an audience for the taping. Presley was nervous at the beginning of the first hour-long set. Binder had to convince him to take the stage, but once there, Presley was comfortable. He performed his songs and traded jokes with his companions as the session progressed. By the end of the first show, Belew had to carefully remove the sweat-soaked leather suit that was now stuck to Presley's skin. To get it ready for the next show, he had to hand wash it. He was helped by the rest of the costume crew who used hairdryers to hasten the process.[20] Steve Binder claimed that Presley's outfit needed cleaning not just because he perspired, but because he had ejaculated while performing.[21] For the 8 pm show, individual rubber mats were placed at the feet of Presley and the band. During the first show, the producers were concerned about the effects of the toe tapping on the recordings.[22] The second show found Presley relaxed and running through the set list with ease.[20]

On June 29, Presley recorded both stand-up sessions. As with the first two shows, the cameras that shot Presley from different angles did not have individual taping machines. The director chose the camera angle he desired, and the cameras fed either of the two available taping machines.[23] The arrangements of the songs for the stand-up shows were fast-paced — Presley accompanied them with shakes, gyrations and facial expressions that he emphasized with fist gestures and knee-drops.[24]

For the show's closer, Binder decided to replace the spoken statement with a song. He instructed Goldenberg and lyricist Walter Earl Brown to write a song that reflected Presley and his beliefs. Brown wrote “If I Can Dream” the same night. Binder sent it to Parker, who still thought the show closer was "I'll Be Home for Christmas". After Parker's negative response to the song, Binder bypassed him, and played the song for Presley. After hearing it three times, Presley was convinced to record it. Seeing Presley's determination, Parker demanded 100 percent of the publishing rights. Goldenberg removed his name from the publishing sheet, and told Parker that Brown wrote the song.[25] For this number, Presley wore a three-piece white suit designed by Belew. A large sign in red letters that read ELVIS was placed on the black background, while Presley performed the song with a hand-held microphone. After finishing the song, Presley closed the special by saying "Thank you, Good night.”

Release and reception

The special's final running time was 50 minutes, edited from four hours of taping. Presley was satisfied with the result.[26] Singer Presents...Elvis aired on December 3, at 9 p.m. Eastern Time.[27] It placed first in the Nielsen television ratings for the week ending on December 8, displacing Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In which dropped to the second position.[28] 42 percent of the total television audience viewed it, making it the most watched show of the season.[29] The special's soundtrack was released shortly after. It reached number eight on Billboard's Top LPs chart,[30] and by July 1969, it was certified gold.[31]

The New York Times opened its review describing Presley's breakthrough, and his influence on the musicians of the time. It observed that on this special, he was "rather conservative" compared to his new peers. Critic Robert Shelton called the mixture of Presley's looks and his audience a "reductio ad absurdum". He stressed the singer's impact on music, but felt the program showed the performer less energetic, but still in touch with the musical trends of the time.[32]

The review by the Newspaper Enterprise Association published in the El Paso Herald-Post felt that the special showcased a renewed and "more mature" Presley.[33] The Daily Tar Heel published a favorable review of the special, remarking on the change since the singer's heyday, declaring: "Elvis still has magic."[34]

The Associated Press described Presley's performance as "caged-animal energy", that still pleased audiences.[35] The Ottawa Journal praised the singer, while it noted that he delivered a calmer stage presence compared to his early days. The reviewer lamented the editing of the program, and the selection of the "cage-like stage" in which Presley appeared to pace — "not at ease".[36]

Jon Landau of Eye magazine found Presley's return "magical", and described his performance as powerful and effortless.[37] Dave Marsh declared the performance one of "emotional grandeur and historical resonance".[38]

Aftermath
Presley during a stand-up session. The photo was featured on the cover of Rolling Stone in 1969.

After the taping of the first sit-down session, Presley called Parker to his dressing room, and told him he wanted to return to touring. During a press conference, Parker announced that Presley would soon embark on a "Comeback Tour". Parker's choice of words angered Presley, who felt he was being labeled a "has-been". Presley was also interested in further collaboration with Binder, but Parker avoided it.[26]

By January 1969, propelled by the success of the special, and his renewed enthusiasm, Presley started his return to recording non-soundtrack albums with producer Chips Moman. Recorded at American Sound Studio with the house band known as "The Memphis Boys", the resulting country-soul album was titled From Elvis in Memphis.[39] The non-album cut "Suspicious Minds" became the last chart-topper of Presley's career, and one of his signature songs.[40] In July 1969, Rolling Stone featured a picture of Presley, taken during one of the show's stand-up segments, on its cover.[41]

Parker arranged Presley's return to performing live. He made a deal with Kirk Kerkorian, owner of the Las Vegas International Hotel, for Presley to play the newly built, 2,000-seat showroom for four weeks (two shows per night, with Mondays off) for $400,000.[42] For his appearance, he assembled a band later known as the TCB Band: James Burton (guitar), John Wilkinson (rhythm guitar), Jerry Scheff (bass-guitar), Ronnie Tutt (drums), Larry Muhoberac (piano) and Charlie Hodge (rhythm guitar, background vocals). The band was accompanied by the backing vocals of The Sweet inspirations and The Imperials.[43] His initial Las Vegas show attracted an audience of 101,500 — a new Vegas performance record.[42] By 1970, Presley began to tour the United States for the first time in 13 years.[44]

Media releases

Re-releases

NBC rebroadcast the special in the summer of 1969. The song "Blue Christmas" was replaced by the number "Tiger Man", at Parker's request.[45] In 1977, the program was aired in a special presented after Presley’s death by Ann-Margret called Memories of Elvis. It included a bordello scene, which was originally approved by the censors, but removed by the Singer Corporation to avoid controversy.[46]

In 1985, HBO broadcast the first sit-down session of the show under the title Elvis: One Night With You. Elvis Presley Enterprises' business manager Joe Rascoff sold the channel the broadcasting rights for $1,000,000. A home video version was later released.[47] The same year, the original broadcast of the special was released on home video.[48]

In 2004, Elvis: '68 Comeback Special Deluxe Edition DVD was released. The three disc set contained all the known available footage of the special, outtakes included. A single-disc edition was released in 2006 with the program expanded to 94 minutes, by adding material from the outtakes to the original broadcast.[49]

In 2018, 'Elvis '68 Comeback Special: 50th Anniversary Celebration' saw the Television Special remastered and distributed to over 500 theaters across America.

An edited, undated abridgement of the special, stripped of all its credits and non-musical elements and aired in combination with Presley's later special Aloha from Hawaii, is part of the library of "Captain Atlantis" miscellaneous programs that air during weekend overnights on Newfoundland television station CJON-DT. It is typically aired during the weekend nearest the anniversary of Presley's death.[50]

Soundtrack

The first single of the special released was "If I Can Dream" by RCA Victor (47–9670) in October 1968. It reached number twelve on the Billboard Singles chart, while it sold eight hundred thousand copies.[69] In November 1968, the live performance of "Tiger Man" appeared on the RCA Camden compilation album Elvis Sings Flaming Star (PRS-279), which was first released through Singer Sewing Machine stores and given wide release in April 1969 (CAS 2304).[70]

An official soundtrack album, simply titled Elvis but widely known as Elvis (NBC TV Special), was released in December 1968 on RCA LPM-4088. In March 1969, RCA released "Memories" as a single (47–9730). ("Memories" would later be reused as the closing credits music for the 1972 concert film Elvis on Tour.)

Bootleg albums featuring non-issued material began circulating as early as 1978.[71] Over the following decades, additional performances from the TV Special were released in parts, particularly in RCA's A Legendary Performer compilation series,[72] as well as in the 1985 box set A Golden Celebration, although in the 1990s and 2000s, RCA issued more-complete soundtrack recordings. In 1998, it issued Memories, a 30th anniversary release that was an expansion of the original NBC-TV Special album. That same year RCA released Tiger Man which consisted of the complete sit-down performances. In 2006, RCA released Let Yourself Go: The Making of Elvis the Comeback Special, which consisted of outtakes and rehearsal recordings from the special.[73]

Various '68 Comeback recordings were used as the soundtrack to the Elvis pinball machine, released by Stern in 2004. The version of "A Little Less Conversation" originally recorded for (but not used in) the special was later remixed and became a hit single in 2002.[74] In the United States, the song peaked at number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart, the first hit for Presley since 1981, and extending his list of charted singles into the 21st century. It also spent four consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart.[75]

The sit-down sections of the special were a forerunner of MTV Unplugged, showing for the first time an artist in a casual setting.[26] In The Simpsons' 1993 episode "Krusty Gets Kancelled", the set of Krusty's television special mimicked Presley's show.[76] Falco's videoclip for his 1986 single "Emotional" features the Austrian singer standing in front of a huge logo formed by red lightbulbs, similar to the one used in the opening sequence of Presley's show, though this one spells out FALCO instead of ELVIS. The same logo is also used on the cover of his same-titled album. In the videoclip of the 2001 single "Inner Smile", Texas lead singer Sharleen Spiteri dressed as Presley in his Comeback Special looks.[77] Robbie Williams, in his 2002 DVD The Robbie Williams Show, borrowed from Presley's special the same opening song ("Trouble") with the same arrangement and a very similar staging, as well as the giant red logo (spelling out RW) and almost-identical sets for the concert performances. In 2004 Morrissey toured with a stage backdrop that spelled out MORRISSEY in large red marquee Comeback Special-style lights.[78] Also, Danzig loosely based his 2013 "Legacy" TV Special on the program.[79] The special is portrayed in the 2005 biographical television miniseries Elvis starring Jonathan Rhys Meyers. Green Day paid homage to the "Guitar Man" portion from the opening number in the music video to "Father of All...".[80]

Footnotes
  1. Gordon, Robert 2005, pp. 110, 114.
  2. Ponce de Leon 2007, p. 133.
  3. Doll, Susan 2009, p. 113.
  4. Doll, Susan 2009, p. 141.
  5. Neibaur, James 2014, p. 230.
  6. Doll, Susan 2009, p. 137.
  7. Marsh 2004, p. 650.
  8. Doll, Susan 2009, p. 142.
  9. Guralnick, Peter 1999, p. 283.
  10. Adelman, Kim 2002, p. 143.
  11. Guralnick, Peter 1999, p. 288.
  12. Guralnick, Peter 1999, p. 293.
  13. Guralnick, Peter 1999, pp. 294-295.
  14. Nash, Alanna 2008, p. 236, 238.
  15. Guralnick, Peter 1999, pp. 297.
  16. Guralnick, Peter 1999, pp. 299.
  17. Guralnick, Peter 1999, pp. 300.
  18. Nash, Alanna 2008, p. 236.
  19. Guralnick, Peter 1999, pp. 306.
  20. Gaar, Gillian 2010, p. 79.
  21. Binder, Steve (aired: August 14, 2007). "For One Night Only, Elvis Comes Back". BBC Radio, First aired 12 Sep 2018 https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00dbcdj
  22. EPE 2004, p. 8.
  23. EPE 2004, p. 7.
  24. Doll, Susan 2016.
  25. Weingarten, Mark 2000, p. 153.
  26. Jeansonne, Glenn; Luhrssen, David; Sokolovic, Dan 2011, p. 181.
  27. NBC 1968.
  28. Eres, George 1968.
  29. Grow, Kory 2017.
  30. Kennedy, Paul 2011, p. 160.
  31. RIIA 2018.
  32. Shelton, Robert 1968.
  33. Penton, Edgard 1968.
  34. Burch, Mary 1968.
  35. Lowry, Cynthia 1968.
  36. Gardiner, Sandy 1968.
  37. Hopkins 2007, p. 215.
  38. Marsh 2004, p. 649.
  39. Klein, George; Crisafulli, Chuck 2011, p. 193.
  40. Collins, Ace 2005, p. 215.
  41. Otterburn-Hall, William 1969.
  42. Jeansonne, Glenn; Luhrssen, David; Sokolovic, Dan 2011, p. 183.
  43. Eder, Mike 2013, p. 173.
  44. Wolff, Kurt 2000, p. 283.
  45. Rowan, Terry 2016, p. 56.
  46. Gaar, Gillian 2010, p. 310.
  47. Gaar, Gillian 2010, p. 311.
  48. Bowker 1999, p. 305.
  49. Gaar, Gillian 2010, p. 312.
  50. Stirling, Geoff (August 15, 2015). "Captain Newfoundland from the Tip of Atlantis". Captain Atlantis Late Night. CJON-DT.
  51. "The ARIA Report (Issue 755)" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Pandora Archive. p. 22. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
  52. "Austria Top 40 – Musik-DVD Top 10". Austrian Charts (in German). Hung Medien. Archived from the original (ASP) on November 6, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
  53. "Ultratop 10 Muziek-DVD" (ASP). Ultratop (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
  54. "Suomen virallinen lista – Musiikki DVD:t 30/2004" [Finland's Official List – Music DVDs 30/2004]. Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland (in Finnish). Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
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  57. "GfK Dutch DVD Music Top 30". Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original (ASP) on October 24, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
  58. "Top 10 Music DVDs". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Archived from the original (ASP) on June 11, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
  59. "Topp 10 DVD Audio: 2004 – Uke 31". VG-lista (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
  60. "Sverigetopplistan". Sverigetopplistan (in Swedish). Archived from the original on December 26, 2015. Search for Elvis Presley and click Sök.
  61. "Ultratop 10 Musicaux" (ASP). Ultratop (in French). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
  62. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2011 DVDs". Australian Recording Industry Association.
  63. "Austrian video certifications – Elvis Presley – 68 Comeback Special" (in German). IFPI Austria.
  64. "Canadian video certifications – Elvis Presley – Elvis: '68 Comeback Special". Music Canada.
  65. "French video certifications – Elvis Presley – '68 Comeback Special" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
  66. "Latest Gold / Platinum Albums". Radioscope. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011.
  67. "American video certifications – Presley, Elvis – Elvis '68 Comeback – Special Edition". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Video Longform, then click SEARCH. 
  68. "American video certifications – Presley, Elvis – Elvis: '68 Comeback Special Deluxe Edition". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Video Longform, then click SEARCH. 
  69. Williamson, Joel 2014, p. 221.
  70. Moscheo, Joe 2007, p. 126.
  71. Osborne, Jerry 1983, p. 50.
  72. Osborne, Jerry 1983, p. 106.
  73. Gaar, Gillian 2010, p. 309.
  74. Gaar, Gillian 2010, p. 314.
  75. BBC 2002.
  76. Rabin, Nathan 2012.
  77. Eismann, Sonja 2008, p. 192.
  78. Paul, George; Swift, Kelly; Orange County Register, November 2 2004.
  79. Kajzer, Jackie 2013.
  80. Althea Legaspi (September 19, 2019). "Watch Green Day Flip Off Chaotic World in New 'Father of All…' Video". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 25, 2019.
gollark: Probably the biggest one is TPUs, which are another proprietary thing you can only rent, but still.
gollark: For now, mostly, but there are lots of competitors.
gollark: Or that might have been someone else.
gollark: You have literally talked about this with solar, I think.
gollark: Increased scale generally brings lower prices, not higher ones.

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