Eidophor

An Eidophor was a television projector used to create theater-sized images from an analog video signal. The name Eidophor is derived from the Greek word-roots eido and phor meaning 'image' and 'bearer' (carrier). Its basic technology was the use of electrostatic charges to deform an oil surface.

"Theatre television" redirects here. For boxing theatre television, see Pay-per-view.
Eidophor
Eidophor front view
Eidophor back view

Origins and use

The idea for the original Eidophor was conceived in 1939 in Zurich by Swiss physicist Fritz Fischer, professor at the Labor für technische Physik of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, with the first prototype being unveiled in 1943.[1] A basic patent was filed on November 8, 1939 in Switzerland[2] and granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (patent no. 2,391,451) to Friederich Ernst Fischer for the Process and appliance for projecting television pictures on 25 December 1945. During the Second World War, Edgar Gretener worked together with Fischer at the Institute of Technical Physics to develop a prototype. When Gretener launched his own company Dr. Edgar Gretener AG in 1941 to develop encyphering equipment for the Swiss army, he stopped working on Eidophor. Hugo Thiemann took over this responsibility at the ETH.[3]. After six years of work on this project at the ETH, Thiemann moved together with the project to the company Dr. Edgar Gretener AG, which was licensed by the ETH to further develop Eidophor, following Fischer’s death in 1947.[3] An original August 1952 magazine article in the Radio and Television News[4] credits the development of the Eidophor to Edgar Gretener.

Following the Second World War, a first demonstration of an Eidophor system as a cinema video projector was organized in the Cinema Theater REX in Zurich to show successfully a TV broadcast on April 1958.[2] An even more promising perspective was the interest of Paramount Pictures[5][6] and 20th Century Fox[7] which experimented with the concept of "theatre television", where television images would be broadcast onto cinema screens.[8] Over 100 cinemas were set up for the project, which failed because of financial losses and the refusal of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to grant theatre owners their own UHF bands for presentation.[9]

Eidophors used an optical system somewhat similar to a conventional movie projector, but substituted a slowly rotating mirrored disk or dish for the film. The disk was covered with a thin film of transparent high-viscosity oil, and through the use of a scanned electron beam, electrostatic charges could be deposited onto the oil, causing its surface to deform. Light was shone on the disc by a striped mirror consisting of strips of reflective material alternating with transparent non-reflective areas. Areas of the oil unaffected by the electron beam would allow the light to be reflected directly back to the mirror and towards the light source, whereas light passing through deformed areas would be displaced and would pass through the adjacent transparent areas and onwards through the projection system. As the disk rotated, a doctor blade discharged and smoothed the ripples in the oil, readying it for re-use on another television frame.[10]

The Mission Control room in Houston featured Eidophor projection systems.

The Eidophor was a large and cumbersome device and not commonly used until there was a need for good-quality large-screen projection. This opportunity arose as part of the NASA space program, where the technology was deployed in mission control.

Eidophors were also used in stadiums by touring music groups for live event visual amplification.

Simple Eidophors produced black-and-white images. Later units used a color wheel (equivalent to the color television standard CBS tried to bring to the market against RCA/NBC's FCC-approved NTSC system, and today's DLP projection system) to produce red, green, and blue fields. The last models produced used separate red, green, and blue units in a single case. The Eidophor was 80 times brighter than CRT projectors of the time. The last Eidophors were able to project colour images of up to 18 metres in width.

Advances in projection television technology in the 1990s brought about the end of the Eidophor. An early prototype of a new type of projector with limited resolution using a passive matrix-addressed Liquid Crystal Display was shown at a conference in San Francisco by Swiss engineer Peter J. Wild already in 1972.[11] The new devices, using active matrix addressing of LCDs were smaller and cheaper and produced results comparable with Eidophor. Current technologies include liquid-crystal display (LCD) and digital light processing (DLP) projectors, both of which produce superior results from easily portable devices.

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See also

Notes
  1. Winston, Brian, Media Technology and Society, 1998 Routledge, p. 23.
  2. Monika Burri: Der Eidophor-Projektor. ETH History 1855 - 2005. Retrieved 26 September 2019
  3. Hugo Thiemann: Fernsehbilder im Kino – Mit dem Eidophor beeindruckt die GRETAG Hollywoodgrössen. In: Franz Betschon et al. (editors): Ingenieure bauen die Schweiz – Technikgeschichte aus erster Hand, pp. 439–445, Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zurich 2013, ISBN 978-3-03823-791-4
  5. http://issuu.com/boxoffice/docs/boxoffice_071048
  6. http://www.terramedia.co.uk/media/cinema-television/cinema_television_chronology.htm
  7. Ilias Chrissochoidis (ed.), Spyros P. Skouras, Memoirs (1893–1953) (Stanford, 2013), pp. 149–150.
  8. Gomery, Douglas, Shared Pleasures: A History of Movie Presentation in the United States, 1992 University of Wisconsin Press, p. 233.
  9. Winston, Brian, Misunderstanding Media, 1986 Taylor & Francis, p. 81.
  10. Ernst Baumann: DER EIDOPHOR - EINE SCHWEIZERISCHE ENTWICKLUNG DER FERNSEH-GROSSPROJEKTION. Neujahrsblatt, Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich, Jahr 1961. Gebr. Fretz AG, Zürich. Retrieved 26 September 2019
  11. P. J. Wild: Matrix-addressed Liquid Crystal Projection Display. Digest of Technical Papers, International Symposium, Society for Information Display, June 1972, pp. 62–63

References
  • Robertson, A. (1976) Projection Techniques:TV, pp. 149–150, in Video Year Book 1977, Poole, The Dolphin Press.
  • Johannes, Heinrich (1989) The History of the EIDOPHOR Large-Screen Television Projector, GRETAG AG, Regensdorf, Switzerland
  • Meyer, Caroline (2009) Der Eidophor: Ein Grossbildprojektionssystem zwischen Kino und Fernsehen 1939-1999. (Interferenzen – Studien zur Kulturgeschichte der Technik, 15). Chronos-Verlag, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-0340-0988-1.
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