Edward Edwards (librarian)

Edward Edwards (1812–1886) was a British librarian, library historian, and biographer. He was an important figure in the establishment of free libraries in the United Kingdom. He died and is buried in Niton on the Isle of Wight.

Early life and work

Edwards was born in Stepney (London) on 14 December 1812. His father, Anthony Turner Edwards, was a builder and apprenticed his son to this trade at the age of fourteen[1]. There is no record of Edwards' education[1][2] and early employments. However, it is known that he attended the King's Weigh House chapel, where he was influenced by Rev. Thomas Binney[1]. Also, Edwards received private lessons from Edwin Abbott and was, as his teacher, member of a German reading circle of the Marylebone Literary and Scientific Institution[1].

In the 1830s, Edwards developed an interest for education, library and industrial art which may have had its roots in Edwards frequent attendance of the Society of Wranglers, a radical art and literary discussion club[1]. Among the members of this society were George Godwin, Henry Hayward and Margaretta Hayward, sister of the latter and future wife of Edwards.[1]

After his father's business went bankrupt in 1832, young Edwards seems to have depended entirely on the financial compensation of his research and writing[1]. In 1836 he published anonymously a pamphlet, in which he argued against various restrictions which at that time made education only accessible to a small elite[1][2]. Later that year, Edwards published an open letter to Benjamin Hawes, who had sat on the parliamentary select committee on the British Museum[1]. The letter contained numerous suggestions for the improvement of the museum library, including the proposal of longer opening hours to extend the use of the library to a wider class of person[1]. As the letter caused much discussion in the academic world, a second edition of the letter was printed privately in 1839.

Being a co-founder of the Art Union of London, Edwards was soon appointed its honorary secretary. In 1840, however, Edwards had to leave the union in disgrace, having squandered over £300 of its funds[1].

After some time of research in France, Edwards published a work on engravings by the process of Achille Collas. When Edwards returned to London, he was also asked by James Macarthur to help him with the research for his account of New South Wales[1]. Edward's name did not appear in connection with the work, even though it was presumed that he wrote large parts of it[1].

On 11 June 1844, Edwards married Margaretta Hayward, who he had met at the Society of Wranglers.

Association with the British Museum

Meanwhile, Edward's dedication to the subject of improving the library of the British Museum had attracted the attention of the authorities and when Edwards applied to Antonio Panizzi in 1838[1], the newly elected keeper of printed books was inclined to hear him. In 1839 Edwards joined the staff and became a supernumerary assistant in the printed book department, for especial employment on the new catalogue ordered by the trustees[2]. Together with Panizzi, John Winter Jones, Thomas Watts and John Humffreys Parry, Edwards worked on the ninety-one rules for the formation of this new catalogue[2]. Besides that, Edwards Edwards was assigned to the duty of cataloguing the Thomason collection of tracts and pamphlets printed during the English civil war, Commonwealth, and Restoration periods.

In the late 1840s Edwards developed an interest for the statistics of libraries and comparative librarianship. His results which were often published in the Athenaeum were criticised by other librarians as little reliable. Mr. Watts, Edwards' colleague and one of his biggest opponents, wrote a series of corrective letters (also published in the Athenaeum) in consequence to Edward's articles, using the signature "Verificator"[2]. Nevertheless, Edwards had also gained supporters, the most prominent of which being William Ewart, who had also been involved in the Art Union of London[1] and whose committee on free libraries in 1850 originated the Public Libraries Act[2].

Association with the Manchester Free Library

The librarianship of the first important free library established under Mr. Ewart's act was offered to Edwards[2], who was happy to accept as his superiors at the British Museum were frequently dissatisfied by his work ethic[1]. Edwards accordingly became the first librarian of the Manchester Free Library[2] soon after he was dismissed from the museum's library in 1850[1]. During his time at the Manchester Free Library Edwards developed a classified catalogue which was published in 1855 in the form of a letter to Sir John Potter, chairman of the library committee[2]. It was not long, however, until the management became aware of Edwards' frequent absences and his conduct of private research during work time which finally lead to his dismissal in 1858[1].

Later life
Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève from Edwards' Memoirs of Libraries

After having been dismissed by two libraries, Edwards turned towards science, both in the fields of literature and librarianship. Aside form the works listed below, he also wrote several articles for the 8th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica[1]. Edwards' biography of Sir Walter Raleigh has been praised particularly for the second volume, because it contained for the first time a complete edition of Raleigh's correspondence[2]. The first volume containing the memoir, however, appeared almost simultaneously with that of James Augustus St. John and "it was remarked with surprise that each biography appeared to be deficient in whatever gave interest to the other, and that the two would need to be blended to produce a really satisfactory work"[2].

From 1870 to 1876 Edwards was engaged to catalogue the library of Queen's College, Oxford, which marked a happy period in his life only disturbed by the death his wife in 1876[1]. On the formation of the Library Association in 1877 Edwards was proposed as its first president, but had to refuse due to deafness[2]. Nevertheless, Edwards accepted working at the Bodleian Library from 1877 to 1883, calendaring the Carte papers[1]. The Library Association elected Edwards as an honarary member in 1882 and in the same year he was asked to revise the articles Newspapers and Post Office for the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica[1].

After Edwards was dismissed from his engagement at Oxford due to economic shortages[1], he retired to Niton, Isle of Wight, and occupied himself with projects for a second edition of his Memoirs of Libraries, with great alterations and improvements[2].

Edwards spent his final years in poverty and was taken in rent-free by Rev. John Harrison[2], a Baptist minister, after having been thrown out for non-payment of rent[1]. In November 1885, he got lost on an excursion[1] and was found after several days "in a state of hypothermia sheltering inside a roofless building next to St. Catherine's Oratory and afterwards developed pneumonia"[2]. He found dead in his room on 7 February 1886[1], and was buried in the graveyard of the local Church of England church on 10 February[2]. His grave remained unmarked until 1902 when his biographer Thomas Greenwood paid his debts and erected a monument over his grave[1].

Selected Works
gollark: As supreme world dictator, I would be uniquely placed to resolve all the coordination problems and stuff by dictating.
gollark: While you're all here, I'd like to propose the optimal political system, me (gollark) as supreme eternal world dictator.
gollark: It's based on the general principle that people want things, and will do things to attain things.
gollark: The best way to do political opinions is using a political opinion calendar.
gollark: We really do live in a society.

References
  1. Black, Alistair (2004). Matthew, Henry Colin Gray; Harrison, Brian Howard (eds.). Edwards, Edward (1812–1886), librarian and writer. The Oxford dictionary of national biography: from the earliest times to the year 2000. 17. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198613679.
  2. Garnett, Richard (1888). Leslie, Stephen (ed.). Edwards, Edward (1812–1886). Dictionary of National Biography. 15. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 115–117.

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