Edward Echyngham

Sir Edward Echyngham (ante 1483 – 8 July 1527), (also Etchingham, Itchyngham, etc.), of Barsham and Ipswich in Suffolk, was a commander on land and at sea, briefly Constable of Limerick Castle, and Collector of Customs at Ipswich. He is remembered as the author of a letter to Cardinal Wolsey describing the death of Lord Admiral Howard at Brest in 1513.[1] From 1485 the presence of the Howard Dukes of Norfolk was felt directly along the Barsham reach of the River Waveney from their possession of Bungay Castle.

The arms of Echyngham (right), Azure fretty argent, and those of Rykhill (left), Gules, two bars gemelles between three annulets argent, in late medieval glass at Nettlestead, Kent.

Background

The Echyngham family, hereditary stewards of the Rape of Hastings during the 12th and 13th centuries, were seated at Etchingham in Sussex.[2][3] Their lordship descended in direct male line to Sir Thomas Echyngham (died 1444), son of Sir William de Echyngham (died 1412) and his wife Joan Maltravers (died 1404), daughter of John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel and Eleanor Maltravers. Sir William, Dame Joan and Sir Thomas were commemorated in a tripartite canopied brass with military figures in Etchingham church, which had been rebuilt by Sir William's father, an elder Sir William (died 1388).[4] Sir Thomas Echyngham had two sisters, Elizabeth (who married first Sir Thomas Hoo of Mulbarton, Norfolk (died 1420), and second Sir Thomas Lewknor of Horsted Keynes (died 1452)),[5] and Joan, who married John Rykhill.[6][7] The Echyngham family bore the arms azure fretty argent.

The East wall of Barsham church, with reticulated or "fretty" flushwork and tracery.

The Echynghams of Barsham

Sir Thomas married Margaret Knyvet by 1424. Margaret was daughter of John Knyvet, M.P. (1359–1418) (whose wife Joan Botetourt had brought Mendlesham to the family in marriage):[8] her grandfather was John Knyvet the Lord Chancellor. Margaret had first married Sir Robert de Tye (died 1415) of Barsham, between Bungay and Beccles in Suffolk,[9] and secondly Sir Thomas Marny of Layer Marney in Essex, whose will, made in 1417, was proved in November 1421.[10] So Barsham came to her third husband, Sir Thomas Echyngham, who made his first presentation to the rectory there in 1424 and had two sons and two daughters with her. Their elder son Thomas (born c. 1425) inherited the Sussex estates: the manor of Barsham, with those of Kessingland and Blaunchards (in Heveningham), descended to the younger son, Richard, so establishing the Suffolk line. The sister Anne Echyngham married John Tuchet, 6th Baron Audley (died 1491).[11]

Waveney meadows at Geldeston looking east towards Barsham

In 1461 Richard Echyngham bequeathed Barsham Hall (with the advowson) to John, his son by Jane Picot,[12] leaving a lifetime tenure of "The Knyghtes Chambyr" at the west end of the Hall to his mother Dame Margaret, and the beds from the great chamber on the east side, and from the lesser chamber, to his widow Elizabeth (Jernegan[13]), John's stepmother.[14] Barsham church (its east front flushwork and tracery showing the Echyngham fretty heraldry) and its rectory stand on rising land overlooking the Waveney valley from the south.[15] The Hall was on the low ground some 600 metres to the north, at the edge of the river plain opposite Geldeston,[16] and held fishery and swannery rights downstream towards Roos Hall fleet,[17] rights which were defended at the common pleas.[18] The manor lay near the Garneys residences at Roos Hall and Redisham Hall, and the manor of Shipmeadow, an endowment of Mettingham College.[19]

John Echyngham married Anne Wingfield, daughter of Sir John Wingfield of Letheringham and his wife Elizabeth FitzLewis, and they became the parents of Edward Echingham of Barsham and his younger brother Francis. Among Anne's brothers were Sir Richard, Sir Robert and Sir Humphrey Wingfield. Her brother John Wingfield married Anne Tuchet (daughter of Anne Echyngham), whose son was Sir Anthony Wingfield.[20][21] The death of Richard Echyngham's elder brother Thomas in 1483 without a surviving son[22] left John and his descendants as the principal male representatives of the Echingham name, and John sought unsuccessfully to recover the Sussex estates in 1486.[23] John Echyngham's last presentation to the rectory of Barsham was in 1514, and the next was made by Sir Edward in 1516.[24]

Actions in 1512–1514

Edward Echyngham was already an experienced and trusted naval captain during his father's lifetime, before he inherited the lordship of Barsham. At the onset of Henry VIII's hostilities with the French, "Echyngham" supplied 9 soldiers for war in May 1512.[25] After Lord Admiral Sir Edward Howard had harried the coasts of Brittany, and scoured those of Normandy, he lay off the Isle of Wight while "diverse shippes kept the North seas, under the conduite of sir Edward Ichyngham, Ihon Lewes, Ihon Louedaie, which diligently skowred the seas." The King armed his navy as ships of war, "and then caused soldiers mete for the same shippes, to muster on black Hethe, and he appointed captaines for that tyme, sir Anthony Oughtred, sir Edward Ichyngham, William Sidney, whiche shortly shipped and came before the Isle of Wight."[26]

The King reviewed the navy at Portsmouth, making captains of Thomas Knevet and John Carew (for the Regent) and Charles Brandon and Henry Guildford (Soveraigne), and gave a banquet for all the captains, who swore before the king to defend and comfort one another.[27] After Knyvet and Carew were lost with the Regent in August 1512, in September Echyngham was appointed to captain The Lizard, with Sir Weston Browne in The Great Bark and others, to keep the seas northerly for the winter.[28] In February 1513 he was assigned to The Germyne with portage of 100, 10 men of his own, 10 of Sir Robert Lovell's and 40 of Sir Thomas Lovell's retinue, and 40 mariners:[29] but by a further reassignment he captained the Second new Spaniard, of 280 tonnes, with the men of Coventry and of Sir Thomas Greynfeld, portage 198.[30]

The engagement at Brest

By March 1513 a French fleet had assembled at Brest, and Lord Admiral Howard, sailing from the Thames on 10 March, left Plymouth with his fleet on 3 April to blockade them there, not waiting for supplies. Echyngham, taking his own ship, came out of Queenborough on 13 April 1513.[31] Having pursued three French men of war to Fécamp Abbey, on 19 April he convoyed the supply ships safely past companies of French sail to the King's great army, which lay in the waters at Brest. Three days later the navy was attacked by 6 French galleys and 4 foysts, which then made up to White Sand Bay north of Le Conquet. The Admiral's plan to land 6000 men on 24 April was abandoned with the arrival of William Sabine of Ipswich, as the captains were engaged in victualling.[1]

Howard's assault on the French galleys the following day ended in disaster: after boarding the galley of Prégent de Bidoux he became separated from his company, was thrust against the rails with morris-pikes, cast overboard, and drowned. The captains having chosen Lord Ferrers to lead them, Wulstan Brown sent Echyngham and Harper (John Baptist of Harwich) back to "Hampton" (i.e. Southampton) "for to wafte the vytlers unto them". The whole navy returned to Plymouth on 31 April, many suffering or dying from sickness. Echyngham, who met with William Gonson beyond Portland, having brought victuallers wrote to Wolsey on 5 May from Hampton: his letter reported eye-witness accounts, and spoke of the resolute leadership needed for further action against the enemy.[1] Sabyn had written to Wolsey a week previously.[32]

Continuing actions

Remaining with the Second new Spaniard, Echyngham was named in mid-May to join a further enterprise to distress the French navy, and, with his 100 men, among those to land with the Lord Lisle.[33] Forces were gathered at Hampton, and Bishop Fox reported on 8 June that "Delabere and Ichyngham, Rote with his company and some of Lord Howard's folk departed to-day with a good wind".[34] The accounts indicate the ship's name was Sancta Maria Sernago,[35] and that the master, John Furnando, was Spanish.[36]

As the Scots arose, Echyngham answered the summons to Newcastle in September, and in preparations for Flodden Field he was assigned to the forward company led by Lord Admiral Howard (i.e. Thomas Howard), "with suche as came from the sea", with Sir William Sydney, Lord Conyers, Lord Latimer, Lord Clifford, and others.[37] He was knighted by the Earl of Surrey "after the fylde".[38] Between March and June 1514 he appears as captain of one of the great ships, the Peter Pomegranate, of 450 tonnes and with a crew of 300.[39]

Home front
Oxburgh Hall, built by Mary Bedyngfield's father

The Bedyngfield marriage

In around 1515 Sir John Echyngham died and was buried on the north side of the chancel of Barsham church,[40] and Sir Edward succeeded to his father's estate. It was after 1514 that he brought a plea against Edmund Bedingfield (junior) and the executors of Dame Margaret Bedingfield (who died in that year[41]), concerning the marriage settlement of her daughter Mary (Bedingfield), Echyngham's first wife.[42] Sir Edmund Bedingfield senior, the builder of Oxburgh Hall, Norfolk (which he had licence to crenellate in 1482[43]), had died in January 1496–97:[44] Marie Bedingfield is named in the will of Margaret's mother Dame Agnes Scott, 1487 (widow of Sir John Scott, Marshal of Calais[45]), among the children of "my daughter Bedyngfeld".[46] Margaret was Sir Edmund's second wife.

Osborne Echyngham

The date of Echyngham's first marriage is uncertain, but by 1515 Osborne Echyngham (usually Ichyngham), apparently a son of Sir Edward's, had emerged as the confidential agent and messenger of Sir Thomas Spinelly, English Resident Ambassador in the Netherlands.[47] In February 1514–15 Osborne's presence is requested by Spinelly, in his message from Antwerp advising Wolsey that a marriage between Charles Brandon (Lord Lisle, Duke of Suffolk) and Queen Mary, Henry's sister, was rumoured.[48] In 1520 Spinelly thought him a discreet young fellow: after Spinelly's death in 1522 King Henry chose him to ride post with secret papers to and from Valladolid during Bishop Lee's mission in 1526,[49] and sent him as an envoy to the King of Hungary in 1530.[50] Osborne was, perhaps, not a legitimate son, since Echyngham's daughters had priority in inheritance, but he established himself and his line in Ireland, where by 1540 he became Provost marshal,[51] though retaining his connection with Barsham.[52] The change in spelling of the surname may represent an appropriation of, or assimilation to, the place-name Ditchingham, nearby to Barsham.

Service in Ipswich and Limerick

Between April 1515 and 1518 a series of accounts detail the controlment of Customs and Subsidies for the Port of Ipswich by Sir Edward Echyngham with the prominent Ipswich lawyer Thomas Rush.[53] Echyngham had a dwelling in Ipswich, mentioned in his will, where his Wingfield kinsmen possessed one of the principal residences: between the Waveney and Orwell lay the entire sea-coast of Suffolk. In April 1517 Echyngham's uncle Sir Richard Wingfield, as Lord Deputy of Calais 1513–1519, prepared notices for Wolsey (Ipswich's most famous son) for the means of conveying men to take possession of Thérouanne, where the French king was attempting to establish a garrison. He proposed that men should be gathered in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, to take shipping at Orwell Haven for Calais under the guise of artificers bound for Tournai; he further desired that Sir Edward Echyngham should have their conveyance, under the Deputy.[54]

Limerick Castle on the Shannon

By Letters Patent of 15 January 1521–22 Echyngham was appointed Constable of Limerick Castle, with the island there, and with "le laxe Were" (i.e. the salmon weir) of Limerick (a possession of fishing rights).[55] This was given under the Earl of Surrey (i.e. Lord Howard) as Lord Deputy of Ireland, and remained in force until February 1523–24.[56] It may have been in this period that his first wife died, for she was buried "in Saint Patriks church in Devillyn in Irelonde on the north side of our ladies chapell".[40] On 1 July 1522 he participated in the English assault on the Breton town of Morlaix. Having scoured the seas, Lord Admiral Howard brought the whole fleet to the haven of Morlaix, and landed with his captains and their companies to the number of some 7000 men who with ordnance assaulted, took and despoiled the town.[57] Sir Edward's company is at sea with 10 ships, at a cost of almost £550 for the month.[58]

Marriage to Ann Everard

In about 1523 Sir Edward made his second marriage. Ann, daughter of John Everard of Cratfield and his wife Margaret Bedingfield (of a branch of that family seated at Ditchingham), had first married Edward Lewknor of Kingston Buci near Brighton, Sussex. Lewknor (died 1523[59]) was a kinsman of Echyngham's, his grandmother Elizabeth (wife of Thomas Lewknor of Horsted Keynes, Sussex (died 1452)) being the sister of that Sir Thomas Echyngham who died in 1444 (the first of Barsham).[60] Ann, Edward Lewknor's second wife, was the mother of his younger son (Richard) and three daughters.[61] When Lewknor died in 1523 Sir Edward Echyngham married her, and became kin to her eldest brother John (seated at Gillingham opposite Barsham), to her brother William (died 1524/25[62]) of Ovingdean in Sussex, and to her sister Olyve, wife to John Tasburgh of St Peter, South Elmham (died 1509),[63] whose son John (died c.1552) purchased and settled at Flixton Priory.[64][65]

In Trinity term 1523 Thomas Lord La Warr, Edward Lewknor, Ralph, Henry and William Everard and William's son John, John Baker and John Tasburgh were feoffees to effect a recovery by writ of super disseisinam in le post against Edward Echyngham of his manor and lands at Barsham, Shipmeadow, Ringsfield, Redisham, Beccles, Great Worlingham, South Cove and Kessingland, to his uses.[66] In this period Echyngham brought suit against Sir Goddard Oxenbridge and Sir Andrew Wyndesore for title to the Echyngham manorial inheritance in Sussex, which had descended to them by marriage of the daughters of Thomas Echyngham the younger (died 1483),[67] apparently without success. With Ann he had two daughters, Ann, born c. 1523, and Mary, born c. 1527. In Suffolk he received a Subsidy commission in 1524, and commissions for the peace in 1524 and 1526.[68]

Death and legacy

Echyngham's will
Chapel of St Katheryn

Echyngham made his will on 18 June and died at Barsham on 8 July, 1527. Feeling that he had "sumewhat fallen into age wherupon dependeth casualties and daungers of deth", he named St George, St Katheryn and St Anthony as his "advowerers", asking to be buried "before the Trinitie of Barham chirch on the north side under the foundacion of the Chauncel wall". He appointed that his executors should have a chapel builded to St Katheryn, on the north side of Barsham Chauncell where his father lay buried, and that his mother, who was buried at Blundeston, was to be reburied with her husband. Carvings of his advowrers, in wood or freestone, were commissioned. A patron for the chapel was to be found at Rushworth College,[69] where Sir Robert Wingfield was buried, and the chantry priest was to sing for his (Sir Edward's) soul, and for his wife Anne's soul, and for his former wife Mary's soul, and the souls of his father and mother, and of all his friends, for the space of three years. Fifty pounds owing to him from Sir Richard Wingfield, and a debt from William Everard's estate, are to go towards the building of the chapel.[40]

The tomb
The restored tomb-chest from the monument to Sir Edward Echyngham at Barsham, constructed of terracotta panels in Italianate style

A table tomb set against, and partly into, the north wall of the chancel of Barsham church is evidently that of Sir Edward Echyngham. When it was dismantled and reconstructed in 1869, a fragment of an inscription "hic jacet d'n's Ed..." (Here lies lord Edward...) was found inside. What remains is only a fragment of a larger monument, which would have included the four-foot-high figures of his advowrer saints.

It is one of an important recognized series of East Anglian tombs made up of ornamental terracotta panels in Italianate style,[70] a fashion which was expressed also in architectural details during the 1520s and 1530s.[71] These works were particularly commissioned from itinerant craftsmen operating in East Anglia by a group of influential inter-related families with whom the Echynghams of Barsham were closely allied: these included in particular the Marneys of Layer Marney Tower (Essex), the Bedingfields of Oxburgh (Norfolk), and Sir Philip Bothe of Shrubland Old Hall near Coddenham (Suffolk).[72] (Sir Philip's wife, Margaret Hopton, was great-aunt to Owen Hopton, who married Sir Edward's daughter Anne.[73]) They held a prevailing interest in the cult of St Katheryn. Echyngham's first marriage linked directly to Oxburgh.

The intention was presumably for a tomb under an archway through the north chancel wall into the new chapel of St Katheryn on the north side of the chancel. The ornament of the surviving tomb panels is not heraldic, but, seen from the interior, the tracery of the east window as a reversed shield[74] fretty (azure supplied by sky or by blue glass) would have cast its lights and shadows through the chancel to appropriate Echyngham heraldic effect.[75]

Estates

Sir Edward's manors were entailed to his wife Anne for her jointure for life, and to the heirs males of his two daughters, or in default of such issue to the heirs of his brother Francis, or in default to Osborne Echyngham and his heirs males: or in default of all these, then all to remain unto the heires of "my seyd uncle" Humfrey Wingfield Esquier for "the famylyar acqueyntance from our childhood unto this day"; or lastly to the right heirs of his ancestor Sir William Echyngham. Various houses at Kessingland, Shipmeadow and Barsham are left to Osborne Echyngham. But Ann was to have all the manors, lands and tenements assigned to her by appointment and recovery: Ann Echyngham, Humfrey Wingfield and Ralph Everard are his executors, and Ann became seised in right of free tenement.[40]

The Barsham dole

Bequests to the Everards and to Richard Lewknor follow, and he asks that the old usage and custime of the "dole" should be kept up by which every man, woman and childe who should attend the five masses of requiem to be sung in St Katheryn's chapel should retun to the manor place and should receive every one of them two red herrings, a white herring and a temse loaf, and something to drink: and those that serve them should have their dinner for their trouble, and this dole was to "continue and endure for evermore".[40]

Anne Echyngham's widowhood

In Echyngham's will, Sir Brian Tuke is given freely the marriages of Echyngham's daughters if he shall recover for them the Echyngham inheritance in Sussex, or else he shall pay £400 for them, the testator wishing that they shall be married to Tuke's sons.

These girls were very young at the time of their father's death, and remained unmarried during their mother's lifetime. Dame Ann Echyngham made her nuncupative will at Barsham on the day of her death, 14 November 1538, requesting the fulfilment of Maister Echyngham's will (which provided for his daughters). Her own goods were to be sold, and the money divided between her four Lewknor children: her daughters Elizabeth and Dorothy were present as witnesses, and John Everard, Richard Lewknor and Edward Tasburgh were named her executors.[76] Money had been paid to Edmund Billingford of Stoke Holy Cross for his son Thomas to marry Ann's daughter Elizabeth Lewknor, but Elizabeth refused the union and John Everard was obliged to seek its return through the Court of Chancery.[77]

The Echyngham daughters

As to the two daughters, the coheirs, of Sir Edward, according to a letter of Anthony Rous of Dennington[78] to Thomas Cromwell, Good Friday 1539, the elder (then about 16), Anne Echyngham, was sent to her kinsman Richard Wharton, Bailey of Bungay, and arrangements (not fulfilled) were being made for her marriage to "Mr Hogon's eldest son". (Wharton, who in 1533 had advised Cromwell of John Tasburgh's disposable income,[79] was granted nearby Flixton Priory at its dissolution in 1537: in 1544 he sold the priory to John Tasburgh.[80]) The younger daughter (then aged 10 or 11), Mary Echyngham, was placed in the care of Philip Bedingfield of Ditchingham.[81]

Wroxton Manor (Oxfordshire), built by Sir William Pope, Earl of Downe in 1618.
  • Anne Echyngham, born c. 1523. She was married to Sir Owen Hopton[82] of Cockfield Hall, Yoxford, and of Westwood,[83] Blythburgh. Shortly before 1539 the Duke of Norfolk had defeated the expectation of Sir Arthur Hopton, his father, in the purchase of Sibton Abbey.[84] Sir Owen became Lieutenant of the Tower of London, and died in 1595. At some time Anne had possession of that 13th-century vellum book of French romance poetry containing the unique text of Roman de Waldef,[85] with Gui de Warewic and the chanson de geste Otinel, acquired apparently from Lady Katherine Grey (who died in captivity at Cockfield Hall in 1568).[86][87] According to a memorial inscription at Wroxton, Oxfordshire (the home of her daughter Anne in her second marriage), she died and was buried at Wroxton in 1599 aged 72 (should be nearer 76), leaving five children living:[88] Two additional sons are listed in the 1561 Visitation of Suffolk.[89]
  • Mary Echyngham, born c. 1527. Anthony Rous wrote to Cromwell on 4 April 1539 complaining that Philip Bedyngfeld had, without consultation, delivered her to Mr Holdych, steward of the Duke of Norfolk's house, who proposed to marry her to his son. Rous asked that Holdych be ordered to deliver her to Humfrey Wingfield, and that Cromwell should advance his (Rous's) wish that she marry one of his own sons.[81] Cromwell made the assignment to Rous, with instructions to Holdych to surrender the girl: but he refused, and Cromwell received letters from the Duke of Norfolk saying that he took Cromwell's decision to heart very grievously. On 14 April Rous wrote again with an attestation forwarded and signed by Richard Wharton, Richard Calthorpe, John and Edward Tasburgh, John Everard and Richard Lewknor, begging that she should not be married without their consent.[92] On 19 April Cromwell forwarded the Duke's letters to the King, asking him of his great wisdom to determine the merits of the case.[93] In the event Mary was married (as his second wife) to John Blennerhassett, legal adviser to the Duke of Norfolk. John was the youngest son of Sir Thomas Blennerhassett of Frenze, Norfolk by his second wife Margaret Braham of Wetheringsett,[94][95] and brother to Anthony Rous's wife Agnes Blennerhassett.[96] John Blennerhassett and Mary Echyngham bought out Anne's share of Barsham and lived at Barsham Hall, and had five sons and four daughters surviving at his death, which occurred in 1573.[97]
    • Thomas Blennerhassett (son and heir), married Mary, daughter of Sir Christopher Heydon of Baconsthorpe Castle, and had issue.
    • Edward, John, George and Richard Blennerhassett. Also Ralph Blennerhassett (died in infancy).
    • Helen Blennerhassett, married Henry Gurney Esq. of West Barsham, Norfolk in 1571.
    • Katherine, Fraunces and Anne Blennerhassett. Also Margaret Blennerhassett (died in youth).

Posterity of Osborne Echyngham
Dunbrody Abbey, granted to Osborne Echyngham in 1545
  • Osborne Echyngham, who inherited lands and a house in Shipmeadow and Barsham from his father, was knighted in 1529. Party to the 1542 Indenture between Lord Deputy St Leger and the Irish chieftains,[98] in 1543 he was granted the Cistercian house of Monasteranenagh Abbey, County Limerick, with its possessions.[99] In 1545, at his petition, the King granted to him and his heirs the former Dunbrody Abbey, County Wexford, Ireland, with all its manors, lands, churches, chapels and possessions, in exchange for the manor of Netherhall in Hickling, Norfolk.[100][101] The Dunbrody lands were called a "waste" estate,[102] but commanded the outflow of the Three Sisters and the eastern shore of Waterford Harbour from Ballyhack down to Duncannon, across the Hook Peninsula to Coole, Ballyvelig, Tinnock and Curraghmore, and crossing below the estates of Tintern Abbey to the inlet from Bannow Bay at Ballygow (Poulfur).[103][104] This, it was hoped, would prove a useful vantage from which to control the Cavanaghs, historic rulers of the Kingdom of Leinster.[105] Osborne died in 1546, requesting that his heart be buried at Barsham. He made two marriages, the first to Katherine, who was buried under the church porch at Barsham, and secondly (by 1529[106][107]) to Mary, who was buried at Barsham in 1584. By his second marriage Osborne Echyngham had three children:[52]
    • Edward Echingham inherited the Dunbrody estate from his father, in fee tail.[108] He died without issue.[109]
    • Charles Echingham was heir to his brother,[110] and he or his descendants succeeded to Dunbrody. He was the father of
    • George Echingham had from his father a manor called Rothenhall in Kessingland and Pakefield, Suffolk; but although there was a manor of that name, it was the manor of Echinghams in Kessingland (perhaps a division or parcel of the other) which descended in the family.[117]
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References
  1. '76. Edward Echyngham to Wolsey', in A. Spont (ed.), Letters and Papers Relating to the War with France, 1512–1513, Navy Records Society, Vol. X (1897), pp. 145-54 (Internet Archive).
  2. N. Saul, Scenes from Provincial Life. Knightly Families in Sussex 1280–1400 (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1986).
  3. E. Searle, Lordship and Community: Battle Abbey and its Banlieu, 1066–1538 (Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies) (Toronto (Canada), 1974), pp. 49-53, and pp. 201-11 Google).
  4. W. Slater, 'Echingham Church', Sussex Archaeological Collections, IX (1857), pp. 343-60 (Internet Archive).
  5. D. Richardson ed. K. Everingham, Magna Carta Ancestry 2nd Edition (Salt Lake City 2011), III, p. 18;
  6. '503. Inquisition at Winchelsea, 1415', Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous (Chancery), VII: 1399–1422 (HMSO 1968), pp. 278-83, at p. 280 (Hathi Trust).
  7. John Rykhill was son of the prominent justice William Rykhill, and became senior Master of the Linenweavers' Company of London in 1433: see R. Griffin, 'Monumental Brasses in Kent: Northfleet', Archaeologia Cantiana XXXII (1917), pp. 27-75, especially at pp. 58-64 (Kent Archaeology pdf).
  8. W.A. Copinger, The Manors of Suffolk, Vol. III (Taylor, Garnett, Evans, and Co., Ltd, Manchester 1909), pp. 278-79 (Internet Archive).
  9. F.H. Suckling, 'Some notes on Barsham juxta Beccles' (first and second parts), in W.D. Selby (ed.), The Genealogist, New Series XXI (George Bell and Sons, London 1905), pp. 124-42 and pp. 243-50 (Internet Archive).
  10. Will of Sir Thomas Marny of Layer Marney (P.C.C. 1421, Marche quire); see The National Archives (UK), Early Chancery Proceedings , Marny v Marny, ref. C 1/22/16 (Discovery). View original at AALT, image 0019.
  11. Suckling, 'Barsham juxta Beccles' (first and second parts).
  12. His first wife, stepdaughter of Sir John Prysot, for whom see R.J. Schoeck, 'Prysot [Prisot], Sir John (d. 1461)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004).
  13. The Echyngham /Jernegan marriage is evidenced in Early Chancery Proceedings, C 1/27/277: AALT image 0361, and C 1/29/36-41: AALT images 0052-0064.
  14. 'Will of Richard Echyngham of Barsham', in Suckling, 'Barsham juxta Beccles' (first part), pp. 135-36 (Internet Archive).
  15. Slater, 'Echyngham Church'.
  16. 'Notes, Letters and Sketches concerning Barsham Hall, compiled 1915/1919', in Farrer-Harris Antiquarian Collections, Suffolk Record Office (Ipswich) ref. HD 78:1671: see illustrative material in 'Barsham Old Hall' at B. Jehan's Blennerhassett Family History website.
  17. A.I. Suckling, The History and Antiquities of the County of Suffolk, 2 vols (John Weale, London 1846), I, pp. 44-46 (Internet Archive); N.F. Ticehurst, 'The Swan-Marks of Suffolk', Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology (1931), p. 139ff, at p. 142.
  18. E.g. swan-poaching at Barsham, CP 40/888 dorses, AALT image 0735 (rot 51); CP 40/889 front, AALT image 0407 (rot 218). (1483–1484).
  19. 'Roos or Rose Hall, Beccles', in W. Copinger (ed. H.E. Copinger), The Manors of Suffolk, vol. 7 (Taylor, Garnett , Evans & Co., Ltd., Manchester 1911), pp. 159-60; see also Barsham, pp. 153-57 (contains some inaccuracies); Redisham, pp. 203-05; and Shipmeadow, pp. 213-14.
  20. F.H. Suckling, 'Some notes on Barsham juxta Beccles', The Genealogist XXI (1905), pp. 249-50 and XXII (1906), pp. 52-61.
  21. J.M. Blatchly, 'The lost and mutilated memorials of the Bovile and Wingfield families of Letheringham', Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute for Archaeology and History XXXIII Part 2 (1974), pp. 168-94 & Pls XIV-XIX (Suffolk Institute pdf); see also D. MacCulloch and J. Blatchly, 'A house fit for a queen: Wingfield House in Tacket Street, Ipswich and its heraldic room', Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History XXXVIII Pt 1 (1993), pp. 13-34 (Suffolk Institute pdf).
  22. Thomas, the first husband of Eleanor Hoo, died before 1472: see Early Chancery Proceedings, C 1/44/188: AALT image 0299.
  23. Common Pleas, CP 40/895, AALT image 266 front, rot 144 and image 565 dorse, rot 13 (1486).
  24. A.I. Suckling, The History and Antiquities of the County of Suffolk, 2 vols (John Weale, London 1846), I, pp. 44-46 (Internet Archive).
  25. '1176.3 List of soldiers', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. I Pt 1, p. 553 (Hathi Trust).
  26. 'The IIIJth Yere of King Henry the VIIJ', in Hall's Chronicle containing the History of England (J. Johnson, F.C. and J. Rivington, etc., London 1809), pp. 533-34 (Internet Archive).
  27. Hall's Chronicle, p. 534.
  28. '1413. [4474] Navy', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. I Pt. 1 (1920), pp. 644-45 (Hathi Trust).
  29. Spont, Letters and Papers, p. 84 (Internet Archive).
  30. ' 1661 [3591], Navy: .3 [3977] and .4 [4377]', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. I Pt. 1, pp. 749-53 (Hathi Trust).
  31. '1812. William Gonson to Wolsey', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. I Pt 2, 2nd Edition (HMSO 1920), pp. 831-32 (Hathi Trust).
  32. Spont, Letters and Papers, pp. 141-43 (Internet Archive).
  33. '1869. Intended Expedition to Brittany. 13 May 1513', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. I Pt. 2, p. 851 (Hathi Trust).
  34. '1976. Fox to Wolsey', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. I Pt. 2, pp. 895-96 (Hathi Trust).
  35. Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. I Pt. 2, '2217. The Navy', p. 992-93; '2304. Naval Payments', p. 1028ff (Hathi Trust).
  36. '2478. Nov. 1513. Naval Expenses', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. I Pt.2, c. p. 1091–93 (Hathi Trust).
  37. Hall's Chronicle, p. 557 (Internet Archive).
  38. '2246. 4.ii Those made Knights by the Earl of Surrey', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. I Pt. 2, p. 1007 (Hathi Trust).
  39. Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. I Pt. 2, '2686. Navy – Exchequer Accounts', p. 1179; '2842. Expences of the War', pp. 1235–37; no. '2938. Navy – Exchequer Accounts', p. 1268ff (Hathi Trust).
  40. Will of Sir Edward Echingham of Barsham, Suffolk (PCC 1527, Porche quire). Transcript in Suckling, 'Barsham juxta Beccles', XXII, pp. 54-59 (Internet Archive).
  41. J. Greenstreet, 'Bedingfield of Oxburgh', Notes and Queries 5th Series, IX (2 February 1878), p. 82 (Hathi Trust), reciting some of her inquisitions.
  42. The National Archives (UK), Early Chancery Proceedings, Echyngham v Bedyngfield, ref. C 1/503/23 (Discovery). View original at AALT, image 0035 (partly illegible).
  43. Calendar of Patent Rolls, Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III, AD 1476–1485 (HMSO 1901), p. 308 (Internet Archive).
  44. Will of Sir Edmond Bedingfield (PCC 1497, Horne quire).
  45. Will of Sir John Scott (PCC 1486, Logge quire).
  46. Will of Agnes Scotte, widow (PCC 1488, Milles quire). Transcript in J.R. Scott, Memorials of the Family of Scott, of Scot's-hall, in the County of Kent, p. 124-27 (Google): some speculations in this work concerning the Bedingfields are corrected by Greenstreet, cited above.
  47. For Spinelly, see B. Behrens, 'The office of the English Resident Ambassador: its evolution as illustrated by the career of Sir Thomas Spinelly, 1509–22', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society XVI (C.U.P. 1933), pp. 161-95.
  48. '180. Spinelly to Wolsey', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. II Pt. 2 (1864), p. 61 (Hathi Trust).
  49. J.S. Brewer (ed.), Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. III: 1519–1523 (London 1867), no. 926, 27 July 1520, p. 341; Vol. IV: 1524–1530 (London 1875), no. 2320, pp. 1041–42, and passim (British History Online).
  50. J.T. Gilbert (ed.), Chartularies of St Mary's Abbey, Dublin, with the Register of its House at Dunbrody, and Annals of Ireland, 2 vols, Rolls Series, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores LXXX (Longman & Co., London 1884), II, pp. xcv-vi (Internet Archive).
  51. '152. Henry VIII to Sir Anthony Sentleger', in J.S. Brewer and W. Bullen (eds), Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts preserved in the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth, 6 vols (1867–73), I, pp. 172-73 (Hathi Trust).
  52. 'Will of Sir Osborn Echyngham, Marshal' (PCC 1547/58, Populwell quire): transcript in F.H. Suckling, 'Notes on Barsham juxta Beccles' (fourth part), in H.W.F. Harwood (ed.), The Genealogist, New Series XXII (1906), pp. 128-34, at pp. 128-29 (Internet Archive).
  53. The National Archives (UK), ref. E 122/53/20 (1515–1516); E 122/53/22 (1516–1518); E 122/53/23 (1516–1518).
  54. '3192. Calais and the French', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. II Pt. 2 (1864), pp. 1028–29 (Hathi Trust).
  55. '1351. For Sir Edward Ychyngham', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. III Pt. 1 (1867), p. 541 (Hathi Trust).
  56. '137 (25)', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. IV Pt 1, p. 58 (Hathi Trust).
  57. 'The XIIIJ Yere of Kyng Henry the VIIJ', Hall's Chronicle, pp. 642-43 (Internet Archive).
  58. '214. Payments: Michaelmas to February 14 Henry VIII', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. IV Pt 1 (1870), p. 84 (Hathi Trust).
  59. Will of Edward Lewkenour of Kyngeston Bowcy, Sussex (PCC 1522/1523, Maynwaring quire).
  60. This Elizabeth Echyngham was stepmother to Thomas Hoo, Baron Hoo and Hastings, and mother of the younger Thomas Hoo, and secondly wife of Sir Thomas Lewknor of Horsted Keynes. D. Richardson ed. K. Everingham, Magna Carta Ancestry 2nd Edition (Salt Lake City 2011), III, p. 18; see J. Mackman and M. Stevens, Court of Common Pleas: the National Archives, Cp40 1399–1500 (London, 2010), British History Online CP 40/659, rot. 425' (1425) (British History Online).
  61. S.H.A. Harvey, Denham Parish Registers, 1539–1850. With historical notes and notices (Paul & Mathew, Bury St Edmunds 1904), pp. 86-93 and pp. 198-200 (Internet Archive); Will of Dame Anne Echingham, widow of Barsham (PCC 1539, Cromwell quire).
  62. Will of William Everard (PCC 1524, Bodfelde quire).
  63. 'Everard' (first pedigree), in W. Rye, The Visitation of Norfolk Anno 1563, Harleian Society XXXII (London 1891), pp. 116-17 (Internet Archive).
  64. N. Evans, 'The Tasburghs of South Elmham: the rise and fall of a Suffolk gentry family', Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology XXXIV Part 4 (1980), pp. 269-80 (Suffolk Institute pdf). Many illustrative materials for this family are in the Adair Family Archives, Suffolk Record Office (Lowestoft), HA12/A1.
  65. Will of John Tasburghe or Taseburgh (PCC 1554, Tashe quire).
  66. 'Abstract of the Inquisition taken after the death of Sir Edward Echyngham, Knight', in F.H. Suckling, 'Some notes on Barsham Juxta Beccles, Co. Suffolk (third part)', The Genealogist Vol. XXII (1906), pp. 52-61, at pp. 59-60 (Internet Archive).
  67. The National Archives, Early Chancery Proceedings ref. C 1/502/35 and C 1/502/36. View originals at AALT, images 0078 through 0082.
  68. Letters and Papers, Henry VIII Vol 4 Pt 1 (1870), p. 238; p. 417 and p. 901 (Hathi Trust).
  69. 'Colleges: Rushworth', in W. Page (ed.), A History of the County of Norfolk, Vol. 2 (V.C.H., London 1906), pp. 458-460.
  70. A.P. Baggs, 'Sixteenth-century terracotta tombs in East Anglia', Archaeological Journal CXXV (1968), pp. 296-301.
  71. The Hon. E. Wood, 'Notes on the history of Shrubland', Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology XVII Pt 2 (1920), pp. 123-26 (Suffolk Institute pdf).
  72. J.M. Blatchly and J. Middleton-Stewart, 'Sir Philip Bothe of Shrubland: the last of a distinguished line builds in commemoration' in, C. Harper-Bill, C. Rawcliffe and R.G. Wilson (eds), East Anglia's History: Studies in Honour of Norman Scarfe (Boydell Press/Centre of East Anglian Studies, Woodbridge 2002), pp. 123-48, Barsham at pp. 137-38 (Google).
  73. A.I. Suckling, The History and Antiquities of the County of Suffolk, 2 vols (1845-1848), II, p. 137. Suckling's account of the earlier Hopton ancestry is superseded by C. Richmond, John Hopton: A Fifteenth Century Suffolk Gentleman (Cambridge University Press 1981).
  74. The reversed shield signifies the bearer is deceased.
  75. The east window is now filled with panels of dark stained glass obscuring the effect.
  76. Will of Dame Anne Echingham, widow of Barsham (PCC 1539, Cromwell quire). Transcript in Suckling, 'Barsham juxta Beccles', XXII, pp. 60-61 (Internet Archive).
  77. The National Archives (UK), Early Chancery Proceedings, ref. C 1/981/91-93 (Discovery).
  78. M.K. Dale, 'Rous, Anthony (by 1502–46), of Dennington and Henham, Suff.', in S.T. Bindoff (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509–1558, (from Boydell and Brewer 1982), History of Parliament Online.
  79. Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Dec 1533, no. 1534.
  80. Evans, 'The Tasburghs of South Elmham', pp. 270-71.
  81. '693. Anthony Rous to Cromwell', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII Vol. XIV Pt. 1 (HMSO 1894), p. 342 (Hathi Trust).
  82. J.E.M., 'Hopton, Owen (c.1519-95), of Yoxford and Blythburgh, Suff. and of London', in P.W. Hasler (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558–1603 (from Boydell and Brewer 1981), History of Parliament Online.
  83. The 16th century Manor Farm complex survives, see Suffolk Heritage Explorer ref BLB 095 – Farmstead: Westwood Lodge (Blythburgh Lodge) (Suffolk Heritage website).
  84. The National Archives (UK), Early Chancery proceedings, ref. C 1/815/40 (Discovery).
  85. A.J. Holden (ed.), Le Roman de Waldef, Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, Textes, 5 (Coligny-Genève, Fondation Martin Bodmer 1984).
  86. Coligny-Genève, fondation Martin-Bodmer, MS. Bodmer 168. The facts are set forth by J.-B. Camps, 'La Chanson d'Otinel: édition complète du corpus manuscrit et prolégomènes à l'édition critique' (Thèse pour Docteur de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne, 2016), Tome I: Introduction, pp. cxxvi-cliii, at pp. cxlviii-clii. See note in J. Weiss, 'Wace to Layamon via Waldef' in R. Allen, J. Roberts and C. Weinberg (eds), Reading Layamon's Brut: Approaches and Explorations (Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam/NewYork 2013), pp. 559-60, note 33 (Google).
  87. View the manuscript at e-codices, the Virtual Manuscript Library of Christoph Flüeler (University of Fribourg).
  88. X.Y.Z. (Pseud.), 'Topographical description of Wroxton in Oxfordshire', Gentleman's Magazine Vol. 67 Pt. 1 (1797), pp. 106-10, at p. 107 (Google).
  89. 'Visitation of 1561: Hopton of Westwood', in W.C. Metcalfe (ed.), The Visitations of Suffolk made by Hervey, Clarenceux, 1561, Cooke, Clarenceux, 1577, and Raven, Richmond Herald, 1612 (Exeter 1882), pp. 43-44 (Internet Archive).
  90. G.M.C., 'Hopton, Arthur (d.1607), of Blythburgh, Suff. and Witham Friary, Som.', in P.W. Hasler (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558–1603 (from Boydell and Brewer 1981), History of Parliament Online.
  91. 'Visitation of 1561'.
  92. '764. Anthony Rous to Cromwell' and '765. Richard Wharton, and others, to Cromwell', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII Vol. XIV Pt. 1 (HMSO 1894), p. 367 (Hathi Trust).
  93. C. Anderson, The Annals of the English Bible (William Pickering, London 1845), II, p. 53 note 22 (Google), citing "Government State Papers", Vol. 1, p. 611.
  94. R.J.W. Swales, 'Blennerhasset (Hasset), John (by 1521–73), of Barsham by Beccles, Suff.', in S.T. Bindoff (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1509–1558 (from Boydell and Brewer 1982), History of Parliament Online.
  95. Suckling, 'Barsham juxta Beccles', XXII, pp. 52-53 (Internet Archive)
  96. M.K. Dale, 'Rous, Anthony', History of Parliament.
  97. The will of John Blennerhasset (PCC 1573, Martyn quire). Transcript in Suckling, 'Barsham juxta Beccles', XXII, pp. 132-33 (Internet Archive).
  98. S.T. McCarthy, The MacCarthys of Munster. The Story of a Great Irish Sept (The Dundalgan Press, Dundalk 1922), pp. 360-61 (Internet Archive).
  99. J. Begley, The Diocese of Limerick, Ancient and Mediaeval (Browne & Nolan, Limited, Dublin 1906), p. 344 (Internet Archive).
  100. B. Colfer, The Hook Peninsula: County Wexford, Irish Rural Landscapes: II (Cork University Press 2004), p. 117 (Google).
  101. J.T. Gilbert (ed.), Chartularies of St Mary's Abbey, Dublin, with the Register of its House at Dunbrody, and Annals of Ireland, 2 vols, Rolls Series, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores LXXX (Longman & Co., London 1884), II, pp. xcv-c (Internet Archive).
  102. '35. Grant to Sir Osborne Itchingham', in J. Morrin (ed.), Calendar of the patent and close rolls of chancery in Ireland (Dublin 1861), p. 118 (Internet Archive).
  103. 'Inquisition, Wexford, James I, no. 55: 1624', in Inquisitionum in Officio Rotulorum Cancellariae Hiberniae Asservatarum, Repertorium, (Commissioners, 1826), I, Part 4 pp. 29-30 (Google). For an English version (under date 1617), see G. Griffith, Chronicles of the County Wexford ("The Watchman", Enniscorthy c. 1889), pp. 163-67 (Google).
  104. B. Lynch, A Monastic Landscape: The Cistercians in Medieval Ireland (Xlibris Corporation, 2010), at PT 51 (Google).
  105. '707. Deputy and Council of Ireland to the Council', Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. XX Part 1 (HMSO 1905), pp. 365-66 (British History Online]; more fully in State Papers III: Henry VIII Part III (Commissioners, 1834), pp. 520-22 (Google).
  106. 'Feoffment', Suffolk Record Office (Ipswich), Iveagh (Phillips) MSS, ref. HD 1538/11 Vol. 11/fol. 15 – Kessingland (Discovery Catalogue).
  107. In March 1528 Cromwell sought to promote a marriage between Osborne Echyngham and Olyve Wychyngham, relict of Roger Rookwood: '4055. Francis Lovell to Cromwell', in J.S. Brewer (ed.), Letters and Papers, Henry VIII, Vol. IV: 1524–1530 (London 1875), p. 1799 (British History Online).
  108. The descent of Dunbrody in the Echyngham family is traced by J. Morrin, 'Historical notes of the Abbey of Dunbrodin', Transactions of the Ossory Archaeological Society, I: 1874–1879 (1879), pp. 407-31, at pp. 409-13 (Internet Archive).
  109. 'Pd' Edw' obiit sine exit'.' – 'Inquisition, Wexford, James I, no. 55: 1624', p. 29.
  110. Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, I, p. 337, and Collins's Peerage, VIII, p. 202, (in identical words) make Charles the cousin of Edward, but their father's will is very clear that they are brothers.
  111. 'Joh' Ichingham fuit consanguin' & her' pd Edw' scilicet fil' & her' Car' fratris & her' pd' Edw'.'; 'obiit 16 Julii 1616 apud Ballihack' – 'Wexford Inquisition 55. 1624', p. 30.
  112. 'Margaret Whittie al' Ichingham, ux' pd' Joh', post mortē pd' Joh' cepit in virū Terenc' O'Dempsie mil', et adhuc sup'stes est.' – 'Wexford Inquisition 55. 1624', p. 30.
  113. 'Osbern' Ichingham est fil' et her' p'fat' Joh', et p'd' Osbern' fuit etat' 19 annor' tempore mortis p'ris sui, et maritat'.' – 'Wexford Inquisition 55. 1624', p. 30.
  114. This and the later descent of the name is traced in 'The Etchingham Family', in Griffith, Chronicles of the County Wexford, pp. 224-27 (Internet Archive).
  115. Morrin, 'Historical notes of the Abbey of Dunbrodin'.
  116. Suckling, 'Barsham Juxta Beccles' (third part), pp. 53-54 (Internet Archive).
  117. 'Kessingland' and 'Pakefield', in A.I. Suckling, The History and Antiquities of the County of Suffolk, Vol. 1 (S.H. Cowell, Ipswich 1846), pp. 250-259 and pp. 279-87 (British History Online).
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