Edmund Crouchback

Edmund Crouchback (16 January 1245 – 5 June 1296), Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby[2] was a member of the House of Plantagenet. He was the second surviving son of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence. In his childhood he had a claim on the Kingdom of Sicily; however, he never ruled there. He was granted all the lands of Simon de Montfort in 1265, and from 1267 he was titled Earl of Leicester. In that year he also began to rule Lancashire, but he did not take the title Earl of Lancaster until 1276. Between 1276 and 1284 he governed the counties of Champagne and Brie with his second wife, Blanche of Artois, in the name of her daughter Joan, and he was described in the English patent rolls as earl of Lancaster and Champagne.[3] His nickname, "Crouchback" (meaning "cross-back"; Latin gibbosus[4]), refers to his participation in the Ninth Crusade.[5]

Edmund Crouchback
Effigy and monument of Edmund Crouchback, Westminster Abbey
Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby
Successor	Thomas
Born	16 January 1245 London, England
Died	5 June 1296 (aged 51) Bayonne, Duchy of Aquitaine
Burial	24 March 1301 Westminster Abbey
Spouse	Aveline de Forz ​ ( m. 1269; died 1273) Blanche of Artois ​ ( m. 1276)
Issue more...	Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster
House	Plantagenet
Father	Henry III of England
Mother	Eleanor of Provence

Miniature of Edmund with Saint George, from an early 14th-century manuscript (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 231)

Arms of Edmund Crouchback: Royal Arms of King Henry III differenced by a label France of three points[1]

Life

Edmund was born in London, a son of Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence. He was a younger brother of Edward I, Margaret, and Beatrice, and an elder brother of Catherine.

He was invested ruler of the Kingdom of Sicily by the Bishop of Bologna in 1255, on behalf of Pope Alexander IV. In return, his father undertook to pay the papacy 135,541 marks and fight a war to dislodge the Hohenstaufen king Manfred. Henry's barons refused to contribute to what they called the "Sicilian business", and ultimately Henry was only able to pay 60,000 marks. Steven Runciman says the grant of the kingdom was revoked by Pope Alexander IV on 18 December 1258;[6] Baines and Harland state that this occurred in 1263, under Pope Urban IV.

However, Edmund soon obtained important possessions and dignities, for soon after the forfeiture of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester on 25 October 1265, Edmund received the Earldom of Leicester[7] and later that of Lancaster.[3] He was granted the honour of the Stewardship of England and the lands of Nicolas de Segrave. He also acquired the estates of Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, that included the Honour of Hinckley Castle.

In 1267, Edmund was granted the lordship of Builth Wells, in opposition to the then holder, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (the last prince of an independent Wales). To help him conquer the land, he was also granted his elder brother's lordships of the Trilateral of Skenfrith, Grosmont and White Castle, all in Monmouthshire, together with Monmouth. After the civil war in 1267, he was appointed High Sheriff of Lancashire. Henry III created his second son Earl of Leicester in 1267, granting the honour and privileges of that city. The following year he was made Constable of Leicester Castle, a royal possession in the king's name. Crouchback by now had a reputation as a ruthless and ferocious warrior, but he was not in England fighting de Montfort.[8]

In 1271, Edmund accompanied his elder brother Edward on the Ninth Crusade to Palestine. Some historians, including the authors of the Encyclopædia Britannica article on him, state that it was because of this that he received the nickname 'Crouchback' (which means "cross-back"), indicating that he was entitled to wear a cross stitched into the back of his garments.[9]

On his return from the Crusade of 1271–2, he seems to have made Grosmont Castle his favoured home and undertook much rebuilding there. His son Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster was apparently born there in 1281.

Edmund remained loyal to his brother, Edward I; the Charter grants of 1265, 1267, and 1268–9 were confirmed by the King in a document of Inspeximus in 1284, and by Parliament in the Great Charter of Leicester.[10] Also in 1284, on the marriage of his stepdaughter, he renounced the title of earl of Champagne, although he continued in possession of his wife's dowerlands.[3] Edmund frequently acted as an ambassador abroad. He was sent as Governor of Ponthieu in 1291, on behalf of his second wife, Blanche of Artois.

His duty to the church included the foundation of a Nuns of Clara or Poor Clares nunnery at Minories, St Aldate's. In 1291, his estate paid for the establishment for the Chapel of Savoy, in memory of his mother, near St Clement Danes. Filial piety was part of the chivalric code of an honourable knight. Edmund was a generous benefactor to the monastery of Grace Dieu in Leicestershire, and to the nuns at Tarrant Crawford. He also helped establish a major Greyfriars monastery at Preston in the duchy of Lancaster.

In 1281, he supervised the construction of Aberystwyth Castle for King Edward I to subjugate the Welsh. The following year Edmund accompanied Roger Mortimer on campaign against Llywelyn, defeating and capturing the prince.

In 1294 the French king, Philip IV, through trickery, defrauded King Edward out of his lands in Gascony. Edward immediately began to plan an invasion but ran into difficulties. First, some of the Welsh rebelled against him, then the Scots rebelled. Finally, by the end of 1295, he was ready to take up the conflict with Philip. He wanted to send Edmund to lead a small force ahead of the main army he was gathering, but Edmund fell ill in that autumn and was unwell until Christmas. Finally Edmund was able to go to Bordeaux for his brother.[11] Amongst the nobles[7]^:123 was the Earl of Lincoln and 26 banneret knights. During the siege of Bayonne the English ran out of money, so the army melted into the countryside. Broken-hearted, the warrior-prince Edmund Crouchback died on 5 June. His body was carried to England and was interred on 15 July 1296 at Westminster Abbey, London.

Family

Edmund married firstly on 8 April 1269 Aveline de Forz, daughter of William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle and Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Devon. She died just four years after the marriage, at the age of 15, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. The couple had no children, though some sources believe she may have died in childbirth or shortly after a miscarriage.

He married secondly on 3 February 1276 Blanche of Artois, in Paris, widow of King Henry I of Navarre, and daughter of Robert I of Artois and Matilda of Brabant. With Blanche he had three children:

• Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster (born circa 1278, executed 22 March 1322)
• Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster (born circa 1281, died 22 September 1345)
• John of Lancaster (born bef. May 1286, died in France shortly bef. 13 June 1317),[12] seigneur of Beaufort (present-day Montmorency, Aube, arrond. d'Arcis-sur-Aube, canton de Chavanges) and Nogent-l'Artaud (Aisne, arrond. de Château-Thierry, canton de Charly), France. Before July 1312, he married Alix de Joinville, widow of Jean d'Arcis, seigneur of Arcis-sur-Aube and Chacenay (died in or before 1307), and daughter of Jean de Joinville, seigneur de Joinville (Haute-Marne, arrond. Vassy, ch.-I. canton), Seneschal of Champagne, by his second wife, Alix, daughter and heiress of Gautier, seigneur of Reynel. They had no issue.

• 
  Edmund's seal as king of Sicily:
  Eadmundus Dei gracia Siciliae rex
• 
  Edmund's seal (19th-century reproduction by Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville)

Ancestry

Ancestors of Edmund Crouchback

8. Henry II, King of England 4. John, King of England 9. Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine 2. Henry III, King of England 10. Aymer, Count of Angoulême 5. Isabella, Countess of Angoulême 11. Alice of Courtenay 1. Edmund Crouchback 12. Alfonso II, Count of Provence 6. Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence 13. Garsenda, Countess of Forcalquier 3. Eleanor of Provence 14. Thomas I, Count of Savoy 7. Beatrice of Savoy 15. Margaret of Geneva

Notes

1. (a label azure three fleur-de-lys or each)Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
2. Richardson, Douglas. Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, vol. II, 2nd ed. (2011), pp. 328-332. [bio. of Sir Edmund of England, Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby, died at Bayonne 5 June 1296] (author states, “In 1266 he was granted the honour of Derby, forfeited by Robert de Ferrers, whereby he became Earl of Derby.”)
3. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Edmund, Earl of Lancaster" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 948–949.
4. Cokayne, George Edward (17 July 1929). "The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom: extant, extinct, or dormant". The St. Catherine press, ltd. – via Google Books.
5. Simon Lloyd, "Edmund , first earl of Lancaster and first earl of Leicester (1245–1296)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, January 2008).
6. Runciman, Steven (1958). The Sicilian Vespers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–63.
7. Baines, Edward (17 July 1868). "The History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster". Routledge – via Google Books.
8. Rothero, Christopher (1984). The Scottish and Welsh Wars 1250–1400. Osprey Publishing. p. 32.
9. Heylin, Peter (1652). Cosmographie. p. 110. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
10. "Fourteenth century England" vol. VII, p.137.
11. Morris, Mark (2015). ""Chapter 9"". A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain.
12. See: Foundations 1(3) (2004): 198–199.

External links

• Inquisition Post Mortem
• Tomb monument with effigy of Prince Edmund "Crouchback", Earl of Lancaster at Westminster Abbey

References

• Remfry, P.M., Grosmont Castle and the families of Fitz Osbern, Ballon, Fitz Count, Burgh, Braose and Plantagenet of Grosmont. SCS Publishing, Worchester, 2003 (ISBN 1-899376-56-9)
• Edmund Crouchback at Find a Grave
• W.E. Rhodes, "Edmund, Earl of Lancaster", English Historical Review, x (1895)
• R. Somerville, History of the Duchy of Lancaster, i, 1953

Honorary titles
Preceded by Humphrey de Bohun	Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1264	Succeeded by Henry de Sandwich
Preceded by The Earl of Leicester	Lord High Steward 1265–1296	Succeeded by The Earl of Lancaster
Peerage of England
Preceded by New Creation	Earl of Lancaster and Leicester	Succeeded by Thomas