Editing of anime in distribution

The content of Japanese animation (anime) is frequently edited by distributors, both for its release in Japan or during subsequent localizations. This happens for a variety for reasons, including translation, censorship, and remastering.

Regional considerations

Japan

Under article 175 of the Penal Code of Japan, material containing indecent images are prohibited. However the laws date back to 1907 and were unchanged during the process of updating the Japanese constitution in 1947. Over time and due to changing tastes the acceptable standards have become blurred.[1] The display of pubic hair was prohibited until 1991 leading to series such as Lolita Anime and Cream Lemon using the sexualization of children as a loophole. The use of tentacles in series such as Urotsukidōji enabled the creators to avoid a ban on the display of genitals. In other cases, the content is self censored through the use of blurring and black dots. When the censorship is removed for overseas release, the basic animation underneath is revealed, leading to concerns over the sexualization of children in those markets.[2]

Cowboy Bebop and Gantz are examples of titles that received edited broadcasts and were later released as unedited home releases.[3][4] Episodes of shows such as Mr Osomatsu have been edited for repeats and home releases.[5]

United States

Due to the lack of a formal and consistent age rating system in the United States of America, age ratings for anime have created several problems. Blockbuster Video marked all anime titles as unsuitable for kids, leading them to appear as R-18 on their computer system. Publishers began using their own age rating suggestions on their releases, however due to differences between publisher assessments and the use of TV age ratings by some this resulted in an inconsistent system.[6]

When Cartoon Network began to broadcast anime there were no internal standards in place for the use of overseas material. This required them to develop a set of standards and guidelines for the handling of the content. The display of alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, violence (including depictions of death, spoken references to death and dying, scenes of characters being threatened or in life-threatening situations, and depictions of suicide), gambling, blood, offensive language, offensive hand gestures, sexual content (including nudity, intercourse, innuendo, and depictions of homosexual and transsexual characters), and the mistreatment of women and minors were all deemed unacceptable as well as other situations unsuitable to a younger audience. Material for Cartoon Network was edited for TV-Y7, whereas Adult Swim content was edited for TV-14 standards. However some content that aired on Adult Swim was originally scheduled to air on Toonami and was edited accordingly. Autodesk Inferno was used to digitally edit scenes to remove blood or cover up nudity on content edited by Cartoon Network. In some cases content was edited before it was given to Cartoon Network. The editing practices evolved over time due to complaints from parents.[7]

4Kids made changes to the anime they licensed to make them "more Western" in order to be more accessible to children. Another reason was so that they could easily merchandise them. However, they also released uncut versions of some of those shows.[8]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom the Video Recordings Act 1984 and subsequently the Video Recordings Act 2010 make it a legal requirement for all home video media to be certified by the British Board of Film Classification. Sale or hire of unrated media is prohibited however imported media is allowed for personal use providing the content does not breach UK law.[9] The BBFC is responsible for assigning age ratings to video content and if necessary requesting cuts and refusing certification if content fails guidelines. Examples of content deemed unacceptable include graphic violence and scenes of a sexual nature such as underage sex and sexual violence.[10]

A number of releases were substantially cut in order to pass certification including the Urotsukidōji series and Adventure Duo.[11][12] The Infernal Road entry in the Urotsukidōji series was delayed by the BBFC for three years and included two outright rejections until the final episode was released by itself, with the scripts for the other entries included as DVD extras.[13][14] La Blue Girl was also refused a classification.[15] La Blue Girl Returns was passed as 18 after heavy mandatory cuts of 35 minutes across 4 episodes.[16][17] During the early 90s anime in the UK was subject to a negative press campaign by several newspapers as a reaction to the violence and sexualized content in many of the available titles.[18] Publishers took advantage of this through the selected licensing of risqué anime in order to appeal to their chosen market.[2] In 1995, 25% of anime released in the UK at that point was rated 18 and 36% was rated 15.[19] As of 2006 the average work was passed uncut at a 12 rating.[10] In some cases a heavier BBFC rating was actually desired by the publishers with excessive swearing deliberately inserted in order to gain a higher age rating, a process known as fifteening.[20] An example given by the BBFC was Patlabor receiving a 15 rating due to the language used, whereas it would have otherwise passed as a PG.[19]

Australia and New Zealand

In 2020, the streaming of Interspecies Reviewers in Australia and New Zealand was delayed due to "adjusting [its] sourcing of materials.".[21]

Types of editing

Localization

Localization is an essential process in releasing anime outside of Japan. It can cover a range of different processes depending on the individual title and the desired result. At its most basic level, the localization process is responsible for deciding on romanized character and term names, as well as episode titles. In other cases it may require special attention to areas such as humor where a judgement call must be made to try and retain the feeling of the source material. At its most intense it may involve editing of the content itself in order to fit a target market.

Music

In some cases, the original Japanese music may be replaced with alternate regional music. This can be either a technical consideration caused by footage getting cut since it is synchronized with the audio on the episode master, or it can be an artistic consideration.[22] Dubbing companies may also replace it because they want to collect royalties from new music they produced, which is not possible if the original Japanese music is retained.

Changes to episode count and order

The Pokémon episode Dennō Senshi Porygon was removed from all repeats and home releases of the series due to an issue during its original broadcast. It was never released in any form outside of Japan.[23] For the North American Blu-ray release of Mobile Suit Gundam series producer Yoshiyuki Tomino removed episode 15 of the series due to its poor quality animation.[24]

Repackaged shows

The Robotech series was created as a mix of three originally separate and unrelated series The Super Dimensional Fortress Macross, Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Mospeada. Characters were renamed and the story was adapted to create links between each of the source series.[25] Battle of the Planets was adapted from Science Ninja Team Gatchaman with 85 of the original 106 episodes being adapted by Sandy Frank for US broadcast in 1979. Along with westernized character names, other changes included the removal of violent scenes and entirely new animation inserted in places. A new character was also created. The series was then released as G-Force: Guardians of Space by Turner Broadcasting, with fewer changes to the original Japanese version.[26]

Dialogue

In some cases, the original dialogue can be replaced with a new one, or part of the dialogue can be altered, but in a few cases the original dialogue can be retained with at least one additional line. In one scene of the Hayao Miyazaki film Spirited Away, the protagonist Chihiro Ogino approaches a bath house. In the original Japanese track, she does not say anything, but in the English dub released in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures, she says “It’s a bath house.” This line was added in due to many Americans being unfamiliar with bath houses, unlike in Japan, where bath houses are common. So, at least for American viewers, it was helpful for Chihiro to state what a bath house looks like.

Views

Creators' attitudes

Hayao Miyazaki's anime film Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind was heavily edited by New World Pictures in the mid-1980s and released as Warriors of the Wind. About one-quarter of the film was cut and its storyline simplified somewhat, distorting the original's ecological and pacifist themes. Additionally, the voice actors and actresses who dubbed the English dialogue were not really informed of the film's plot.[27] Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli were aware of this editing to the film and were extremely unhappy about it. Miyazaki has since suggested that those who have viewed the edited version should "dismiss it from their minds." As a result of this experience, the studio instituted a "no-cuts" policy of never allowing a foreign company to edit any of its films prior to release in a new market.[27] During the late 1990s and 2000s, Studio Ghibli has allowed its catalog to be dubbed into English by Walt Disney Pictures, on the condition that no frames were removed or airbrushed, and that the English dialogue was not significantly changed from faithful translations of the Japanese versions. Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind was re-released in its unedited form by Disney in 2005.

The "no-cuts" policy was highlighted when Miramax co-chairman Harvey Weinstein suggested editing Princess Mononoke to make it more marketable and avoid a PG-13 rating. In response, an unnamed Studio Ghibli producer sent him an authentic katana with a message saying "No cuts."[28] Although Studio Ghibli has not allowed Disney to cut the films themselves, some minor changes to translated dialogue have been permitted, including the removal of references to testicles in the English dub of Pom Poko, replacing them with the innocuous euphemism "raccoon pouch".

gollark: As I said earlier:
gollark: I have immersive engineering. I just don't use it.
gollark: No.
gollark: You say that as if I have these "MV wire" things.
gollark: Or Mekanism...

See also

References

Citations
  1. Sevakis, Justin (December 28, 2015). "Why Don't Anime Characters Have Pubic Hair?". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  2. Clements, Johnathan; McCarthy, Helen. The Anime Encyclopedia 3rd Revised Edition. Stone Bridge Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-61172-018-1.
  3. Clements, Johnathan; McCarthy, Helen. The Anime Encyclopedia 3rd Revised Edition. Stone Bridge Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-61172-018-1.
  4. Clements, Johnathan; McCarthy, Helen. The Anime Encyclopedia 3rd Revised Edition. Stone Bridge Press. p. 1285. ISBN 978-1-61172-018-1.
  5. "Mr. Osomatsu Anime's 3rd Episode to be Partially Altered for Home Video, Streaming". Anime News Network. November 20, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
  6. Sevakis, Justin (September 12, 2014). "What Time Is It, Anyway?". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  7. Pope, Kyle (March 4, 2002). "Edit List Special - Cartoon Network Interview". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  8. Pennington, Stephan (April 24, 2005). "Alfred R. Kahn". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  9. "FAQS". BBFC. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  10. "Drawing Comparisons: The History of Manga and Classification". BBFC. September 20, 2006.
  11. "Urotsukidoji IV - Episode 3 - Quest'S End". BBFC. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  12. "ADVENTURE Duo, Volume 3". BBFC. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  13. Clements, Johnathan; McCarthy, Helen. The Anime Encyclopedia 3rd Revised Edition. Stone Bridge Press. p. 884. ISBN 978-1-61172-018-1.
  14. "Urotsukidoji IV - Infernal Road - Episode One - The Secret Garden". BBFC. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  15. Clements, Johnathan; McCarthy, Helen. The Anime Encyclopedia 3rd Revised Edition. Stone Bridge Press. p. 450. ISBN 978-1-61172-018-1.
  16. "La Blue Girl Returns - Episodes 1 & 2". BBFC. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  17. "La Blue Girl Returns - Episodes 3 & 4". BBFC. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  18. Manga mania 13 pg 70
  19. Manga Mania 30. January 1996. Pg 120
  20. Clements, Johnathan; McCarthy, Helen. The Anime Encyclopedia 3rd Revised Edition. Stone Bridge Press. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-1-61172-018-1.
  21. "Wakanim, AnimeLab Continue to Stream Interspecies Reviewers Anime in Select Regions (Update)". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
  22. Sevakis, Justin (November 14, 2014). "Answerman - Show Me Your Evil Stick". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  23. Plunkett, Luke (February 11, 2011). "The Banned Pokémon Episode That Gave Children Seizures". Retrieved September 11, 2014.
  24. "7 TV Anime Affected by Japanese Censorship". August 16, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  25. Clements, Johnathan; McCarthy, Helen. The Anime Encyclopedia 3rd Revised Edition. Stone Bridge Press. p. 697. ISBN 978-1-61172-018-1.
  26. Clements, Johnathan; McCarthy, Helen. The Anime Encyclopedia 3rd Revised Edition. Stone Bridge Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-61172-018-1.
  27. "FAQ". Nausicaa.net. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
  28. Brooks, Xan (2005-09-14). "A god among animators". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-05-23.

Books
  • Clements, Jonathan and Helen McCarthy (2006). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation since 1917. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 0-7425-3787-0.
  • Poitras, Gilles (2001). Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know. Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 1-880656-53-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
  • Ruh, Brian (2010). "Transforming U.S. Anime in the 1980s: Localization and Longevity". In Lunning, Frenchy (ed.). Mechademia 5: Fanthropologies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 31–49. ISBN 978-0-8166-7387-2.
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