Edgar F. Codd

Edgar Frank "Ted" Codd (19 August 1923 – 18 April 2003) was an English computer scientist who, while working for IBM, invented the relational model for database management, the theoretical basis for relational databases and relational database management systems. He made other valuable contributions to computer science, but the relational model, a very influential general theory of data management, remains his most mentioned, analyzed and celebrated achievement.[6][7]

Edgar "Ted" Codd
Born
Edgar Frank Codd

(1923-08-19)19 August 1923[1][2]
Fortuneswell, Dorset, England
Died18 April 2003(2003-04-18) (aged 79)
Williams Island, Aventura, Florida, USA
Alma materExeter College, Oxford
University of Michigan
Known forOLAP
Relational model[3]
Codd's cellular automaton
Codd's 12 rules
Boyce–Codd normal form
AwardsTuring Award (1981)[4]
Scientific career
FieldsComputer Science
InstitutionsUniversity of Oxford
University of Michigan
IBM
ThesisPropagation, Computation, and Construction in Two-dimensional cellular spaces (1965)
Doctoral advisorJohn Henry Holland[5]

Biography

Edgar Frank Codd was born in Fortuneswell, on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. After attending Poole Grammar School, he studied mathematics and chemistry at Exeter College, Oxford, before serving as a pilot in the RAF Coastal Command during the Second World War, flying Sunderlands.[8] In 1948, he moved to New York to work for IBM as a mathematical programmer. In 1953, angered by Senator Joseph McCarthy, Codd moved to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. In 1957 he returned to the US working for IBM and from 1961–1965 pursuing his doctorate in computer science at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Two years later he moved to San Jose, California, to work at IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory, where he continued to work until the 1980s.[1][9] He was appointed IBM Fellow in 1976. During the 1990s, his health deteriorated and he ceased work.[10]

Codd received the Turing Award in 1981,[1] and in 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.[11]

Codd died of heart failure at his home in Williams Island, Florida, at the age of 79 on 18 April 2003.[12]

Work

Codd received a PhD in 1965 from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor advised by John Henry Holland.[5][10][13] His thesis was about self-replication in cellular automata, extending on work of von Neumann and showing that a set of eight states was sufficient for universal computation and construction.[14] His design for a self-replicating computer was only implemented in 2010.

In the 1960s and 1970s he worked out his theories of data arrangement, issuing his paper "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"[3] in 1970, after an internal IBM paper one year earlier.[15] To his disappointment, IBM proved slow to exploit his suggestions until commercial rivals started implementing them.

Initially, IBM refused to implement the relational model to preserve revenue from IMS/DB. Codd then showed IBM customers the potential of the implementation of its model, and they in turn pressured IBM. Then IBM included in its Future Systems project a System R subproject – but put in charge of it developers who were not thoroughly familiar with Codd's ideas, and isolated the team from Codd. As a result, they did not use Codd's own Alpha language but created a non-relational one, SEQUEL. Even so, SEQUEL was so superior to pre-relational systems that it was copied, in 1979, based on pre-launch papers presented at conferences, by Larry Ellison, of Relational Software Inc, in his Oracle Database, which actually reached market before SQL/DS – because of the then-already proprietary status of the original name, SEQUEL had been renamed SQL.

Codd continued to develop and extend his relational model, sometimes in collaboration with Christopher J. Date. One of the normalised forms, the Boyce–Codd normal form, is named after him.

Codd's theorem, a result proven in his seminal work on the relational model, equates the expressive power of relational algebra and relational calculus (both of which, lacking recursion, are strictly less powerful than first-order logic).

As the relational model started to become fashionable in the early 1980s, Codd fought a sometimes bitter campaign to prevent the term being misused by database vendors who had merely added a relational veneer to older technology. As part of this campaign, he published his 12 rules to define what constituted a relational database. This made his position in IBM increasingly difficult, so he left to form his own consulting company with Chris Date and others.

Codd coined the term Online analytical processing (OLAP) and wrote the "twelve laws of online analytical processing".[16] Controversy erupted, however, after it was discovered that this paper had been sponsored by Arbor Software (subsequently Hyperion, now acquired by Oracle), a conflict of interest that had not been disclosed, and Computerworld withdrew the paper.[17]

In 2004, SIGMOD renamed its highest prize to the SIGMOD Edgar F. Codd Innovations Award, in his honour.

Publications
  • Codd, Edgar Frank (1968). Cellular Automata. Academic Press, Inc. LCCN 68-23486.
  • Codd, Edgar Frank (1970). "Relational Completeness of Data Base Sublanguages". Database Systems: 65–98. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.86.9277.
  • Codd, Edgar Frank (9 November 1981). "1981 Turing Award Lecture – Relational Database: A Practical Foundation for Productivity".
  • Codd, Edgar Frank (1990). The Relational Model for Database Management (Version 2 ed.). Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-14192-4.
  • Codd, Edgar Frank; Codd, S. B.; Salley, C. T. (1993). "Providing OLAP to User-Analysts: An IT Mandate" (PDF).
gollark: Oh, just horribly slow.
gollark: ++fortune
gollark: ++help
gollark: ++fortune
gollark: Ohhh.

See also

References
  1. Date, C. J. "A. M. Turing Award – Edgar F. ("Ted") Codd". ACM. Retrieved 2 September 2013. United States – 1981. For his fundamental and continuing contributions to the theory and practice of database management systems.
  2. "12 simple rules: How Ted Codd transformed the humble database". The Register. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  3. Codd, Edgar Frank (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–387. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  4. Codd, Edgar Frank (1982). "Relational database: A practical foundation for productivity". Communications of the ACM. 25 (2): 109–117. doi:10.1145/358396.358400.
  5. Edgar F. Codd at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  6. Edgar Frank Codd at DBLP Bibliography Server
  7. Edgar F. Codd author profile page at the ACM Digital Library
  8. "Edgar F. ("Ted") Codd". A. M. Turing award. he volunteered for active duty and became a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force Coastal Command, flying Sunderlands
  9. Rubenstein, Steve. "Edgar F. Codd – computer pioneer in databases." San Francisco Chronicle 24 April 2003: A21. Gale Biography in Context. Web. 1 December 2011.
  10. Martin Campbell-Kelly (1 May 2003). "Edgar Codd". The Independent. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  11. ACM Fellows Archived 15 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  12. Edgar F Codd Passes Away, IBM Research, 2003 Apr 23.
  13. Codd, Edgar (1965). Propagation, Computation, and Construction in Two-dimensional cellular spaces (PhD thesis). University of Michigan. ProQuest 302172044.
  14. Codd, Edgar Frank (1968). Cellular Automata. London: Academic Pr. ISBN 978-0-12-178850-6.
  15. Michael Owens. The Definitive Guide to SQLite, p.47. New York: Apress (Springer-Verlag) 2006. ISBN 978-1-59059-673-9.
  16. Providing OLAP to User-Analysts: An IT Mandate by E F Codd, S B Codd and C T Salley, ComputerWorld, 26 July 1993.
  17. Whitehorn, Mark (26 January 2007). "OLAP and the need for SPEED". The Register. Retrieved 30 December 2014.

Further reading
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