Dynasty (1981 TV series, season 5)

The fifth season of Dynasty originally aired in the United States on ABC from September 26, 1984 through May 15, 1985. The series, created by Richard and Esther Shapiro and produced by Aaron Spelling, revolves around the Carringtons, a wealthy family residing in Denver, Colorado.

Dynasty
Season 5
Country of originUnited States
No. of episodes29
Release
Original networkABC
Original releaseSeptember 26, 1984 (1984-09-26) 
May 15, 1985 (1985-05-15)
Season chronology

Season five stars John Forsythe as millionaire oil magnate Blake Carrington; Linda Evans as his wife Krystle; Jack Coleman as Blake and Alexis's earnest son Steven; Gordon Thomson as Blake and Alexis's eldest son Adam; John James as Blake's former son-in-law Jeff Colby; Pamela Bellwood as Steven's wife, Claudia; Heather Locklear as Krystle's niece and Steven's ex-wife Sammy Jo; Michael Nader as Alexis's husband Dex Dexter; Catherine Oxenberg as Blake and Alexis's youngest daughter, Amanda; Michael Praed as Amanda's fiancé Prince Michael of Moldavia; Diahann Carroll as Blake's half-sister Dominique Deveraux; Billy Dee Williams as Dominique's husband, Brady Lloyd; Rock Hudson as Sammy Jo's biological father, Daniel Reece; Ali MacGraw as photographer Lady Ashley Mitchell; and Joan Collins as Alexis Colby, Blake's ex-wife and the mother of Adam, Fallon, Steven, and Amanda. The season also introduced recast Emma Samms as Blake and Alexis's daughter Fallon.

Development

Driven by the new head writer and producer Camille Marchetta, who had devised the wildly successful "Who Shot J.R.?" scenario on Dallas five years earlier, Dynasty hit #1 in the fifth season.[1][2] During the season, Dynasty attracted controversy when Rock Hudson's real-life HIV-positive status was revealed after a romantic storyline between his character Daniel Reece and Evans's Krystle. Hudson's scenes required him to kiss Evans and, as news that he had contracted AIDS broke, there was speculation Evans would be at risk.[3] The event led to a Screen Actors Guild rule requiring the notification of performers in advance of any scenes that require open-mouth kissing.[4]

Undoubtedly the most famous Dynasty cliffhanger is the so-called "Moldavian Massacre" which occurs in the May 15, 1985 fifth-season finale. Amanda and Prince Michael's royal wedding is interrupted by terrorists during a military coup in Moldavia, riddling the chapel with bullets and leaving all of the major characters lying seemingly lifeless. Esther Shapiro later said, "It was a fairy-tale terrorist attack. It was beautifully shot, like a Goya painting."[5] It became the most talked-about episode of any TV series during the calendar year of 1985, with a viewership of 25.9 million.[6][7] In 2011, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly named it one of the seven "Unforgettable Cliff-Hangers" of prime time dramatic television.[8]

Plot

In the story, Alexis is exonerated for Mark's murder and her secret daughter Amanda comes to Denver and discovers that Blake is her father. Steven has married Claudia but leaves her for another man, and Claudia starts an affair with Adam. The marriage of Blake and Krystle is in crisis after the birth of their daughter Krystina; Dominique struggles to be accepted as a Carrington, and loses her husband Brady Lloyd in the process; and Sammy Jo discovers she is the heiress to a huge fortune. At the end of the season, an amnesiac Fallon reappears while the rest of the family go to Europe for the wedding of Amanda and Prince Michael of Moldavia.

Cast

Main

Recurring

Guest

Cast notes
  1. Locklear appears in only 8 episodes this season, and is credited in the opening credits for those episodes.
  2. Oxenberg first appears in "Amanda".
  3. Williams appears in "Disappearance", "The Mortgage", "Amanda", "The Avenger", and "Triangles", and is credited in the opening credits for those episodes.
  4. Praed is credited in the opening credits from "The Ball" to "Royal Wedding", except for "The Collapse" and "Life and Death" in which he did not appear.
  5. Samms is credited as a guest in "Kidnapped" before becoming series regular in "Royal Wedding".
  6. Hudson is credited in the opening credits from "The Holiday Spirit" to "Sammy Jo".
  7. MacGraw is credited in the opening credits from "Foreign Relations" to "Royal Wedding", except in "Triangles", in which she did not appear.
  8. Carroll did not appear in seven episodes of season five, and was not credited in the opening credits for those episodes.

Episodes

No.
overall
No. in
season
TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.
code
US viewers
(millions)
891"Disappearance"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
September 26, 1984 (1984-09-26)DY-08722.20[9]
Jeff goes after Fallon and finds her car wrecked by the side of a road after a collision with a truck, but Fallon is gone. Alexis has to pay two million dollars bail. Brady Lloyd, Dominique's husband, comes to Denver. Adam drives Sammy Jo to the airport but she fools him and runs off with Danny.
902"The Mortgage"Jerome CourtlandStory by: Camille Marchetta
Teleplay by: Dennis Turner
October 10, 1984 (1984-10-10)DY-08825.10[9]

Blake and Jeff continue to search for Fallon while Dominique makes her singing debut at La Mirage. Meanwhile, Blake takes a mortgage out on the mansion to help finance his strategy to help Denver-Carrington's recovery. But Alexis gets wind of the plan and secretly puts up the money herself to gain an advantage over Blake.


Dynasty was preempted by Game 2 of the 1984 American League Championship Series on October 3, 1984.[10]
913"Fallon"Gwen ArnerStory by: Camille Marchetta
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
October 17, 1984 (1984-10-17)DY-08926.10[9]
Alexis is arrested for attempting to leave the country while Blake learns from Jeff that Fallon has died.
924"The Rescue"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta
Teleplay by: Dennis Turner
October 24, 1984 (1984-10-24)DY-09026.30[9]
Blake tells Alexis and the rest of the family that Fallon has died in a plane crash with Peter De Vilbis. Fallon's funeral is held. Adam finds Sammy Jo, ties her up and rescues baby Danny, returning him to his father Steven. Dominique tells Blake that they have the same father.
935"The Trial"Gwen ArnerStory by: Joel Steiger
Teleplay by: Paul Savage
October 31, 1984 (1984-10-31)DY-09124.90[9]
Alexis' trial for the murder of Mark Jennings starts. Steven is called to the stand to testify against her.
946"The Verdict"Jerome CourtlandStory by: Camille Marchetta and Joel Steiger
Teleplay by: Stephen and Elinor Karpf
November 7, 1984 (1984-11-07)DY-09225.70[9]
Steven testifies that he saw Alexis with Mark on the balcony the night that he died. The jury decide that Alexis is guilty of murder in the first degree.
957"Amanda"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta & Joel Steiger
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
November 14, 1984 (1984-11-14)DY-09323.50[9]
Catherine Oxenberg joins the cast as Amanda, revealing herself to be Alexis's daughter. Dex and Adam track down the real culprit behind Mark Jennings' murder.
968"The Secret"Jerome CourtlandStory by: Camille Marchetta
Teleplay by: Dennis Turner
November 21, 1984 (1984-11-21)DY-09424.30[9]
Amanda is upset with Alexis for denying their relationship and demands that Alexis prove her love by openly acknowledging Amanda as her daughter. Hoping to clear his name, Blake asks Dominique for help in finding Rashid Ahmed. Alexis forgives Steven for testifying against her after she realizes it was a case of mistaken identity. Both Krystle and Claudia feel that their husbands are pulling away from them. Luke Fuller, a new PR employee at ColbyCo shows an interest in Steven and when Steven again puts work ahead of spending time with her, Claudia agrees to have dinner with Dean Caldwell, a local gallery owner. Jeff meets Nicole Simpson, who is secretly Peter De Vilbis's estranged widow. Blake suspects that he is Amanda's father and has a confrontation with Alexis.
979"Domestic Intrigue"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta & Joel Steiger
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
November 28, 1984 (1984-11-28)DY-09525.20[9]
Blake makes inquiries into whom is Amanda's father. Dominique and Adam go to Istanbul to track down Rashid Ahmed. Blake is concerned about Jeff's behaviour. De Vilbis was keeping something from Nicole and she wonders if Jeff found out about it through Fallon. Alexis's preoccupation with keeping Amanda's paternity secret leaves Dex out in the cold. Adam forces a confession out of Rashid Ahmed, but Ahmed is killed in the process. Krystle, unsure if it was Blake's intention to have Ahmed killed, argues with him and then takes a tumble down the stairs.
9810"Krystina"Jerome CourtlandStory by: Camille Marchetta
Teleplay by: Will Lorin
December 5, 1984 (1984-12-05)DY-09625.30[9]
Jeff catches Nicole asking questions about Fallon. Claudia is upset when Alexis has Steven go to Santa Barbara with Luke Fuller for ColbyCo and later, she kisses Dean Caldwell. Alexis and Dex fight about Blake and Amanda yet again. Amanda flirts with Dex. Jeff discovers that Nicole was married to Peter De Vilbis. After falling down the stairs, Krystle goes into premature labour and gives birth to a baby girl who they name Krystina. Later it is discovered that the baby has respiratory distress syndrome.
9911"Swept Away"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta
Teleplay by: Dennis Turner
December 12, 1984 (1984-12-12)DY-09726.50[9]
Jeff learns that Nicole is searching for Peter's half of a treasure map and that Peter had given it to Fallon for safe keeping. Blake promises Amanda he will help her find out who her father is. When Nicole tells Jeff that Peter was with one of his mistresses in Seattle before the plane crash, he wonders if it's possible it was she who died on the plane and that Fallon could still be alive. Amanda and Dex sleep together in a mountain cabin. Alexis finally agrees to marry Dex.
10012"That Holiday Spirit"Curtis HarringtonStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
December 19, 1984 (1984-12-19)DY-09825.90[9]
Dex and Alexis go to London to get married. Blake purchases Allegre back for Krystle for Christmas. She gives him a portrait of Fallon. Claudia confesses to Steven that she cheated. Daniel Reese, the man from whom Blake bought Allegre is an old boyfriend of Krystle's sister. Amanda finally learns that her father is Blake Carrington and the two share a happy reunion. Believing that Blake is finally going to acknowledge her as his half-sister, Dominique is furious when Blake instead welcomes Amanda to the Carrington family.
10113"The Avenger"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: Dennis Turner
January 2, 1985 (1985-01-02)DY-09926.20[9]

Claudia moves out of the Carrington mansion. Alexis offers to buy Dominique's shares of Denver-Carrington. Daniel urges Krystle to start her own business working with Arabian horses. Krystle reveals to Steven that Daniel is Sammy Jo's biological father. Jeff and Nicole find Peter's half of the treasure map in Fallon's safe at La Mirage. Blake is jealous over the developing closeness he sees between Krystle and Daniel. Dominique informs Blake that she is suing him because he used part of the funds she invested in Denver-Carrington to pay off the mortgage on his home. Blake learns that his father has had a heart attack and makes plans to go to Sumatra to see him. Dominique tells Blake she is going with him.


Dynasty was preempted by a rerun of Part 1 of the 1983 ABC Wednesday Night Movie Malibu on December 26, 1984.[11]
10214"The Will"Nancy MaloneStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: Noreen Stone
January 9, 1985 (1985-01-09)DY-10027.70[9]
As Steven and Claudia's marriage nears its end, Claudia and Adam begin to grow closer. Krystle finally gets to bring baby Krystina home from the hospital. Jeff continues to romance Nicole, all the while thinking of Fallon. Blake, Alexis and Dominique go to Sumatra to visit Blake's dying father Tom Carrington. Before he dies, he admits that he is indeed Dominique's father and leaves his entire estate to the three of them, but makes Dominique the executor of his will, much to Alexis's chagrin.
10315"The Treasure"Curtis HarringtonStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: Stephen & Elinor Karpf
January 16, 1985 (1985-01-16)DY-10127.00[12]
Jeff and Nicole go treasure hunting in Bolivia; they find the treasure, but no trace of Fallon and a drunk and disconsolate Jeff marries Nicole . Having finally gained Blake's acceptance that she is his sister and being formally welcomed into the Carrington family, Dominique drops her lawsuit against Blake. Krystle begins work on her horse breeding business with Daniel's help, but without Blake's support. Steven tries to make one last effort to save his marriage, but instead, argues with Claudia when he sees her having dinner with Adam. Meanwhile, Alexis is frustrated by Amanda's devotion to Blake and her acceptance of Dominique as her new aunt.
10416"Foreign Relations"Kim FriedmanStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
January 23, 1985 (1985-01-23)DY-10225.00[12]
Blake's continued jealousy of Krystle and Daniel's business relationship pushes Krystle further away. Upon returning from Bolivia, Jeff and Nicole announce their marriage. After Adam makes a derogatory remark about Steven's homosexuality, they get into a fight and later, Steven tells Luke that he is ready to begin a relationship with him. After catching Dex carrying a drunken Amanda to her bedroom, Alexis suggests to Amanda that she move into the Carrington mansion. Nicole has a hard time adjusting to life in the Carrington mansion with the specter of Fallon Carrington looming over her. Blake seeks the assistance of Lady Ashley Mitchell in negotiating with the Chinese concerning his South China Sea oil leases.
10517"Triangles"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: Dennis Turner
January 30, 1985 (1985-01-30)DY-10327.00[12]
Blake reaches an agreement with the Chinese government which will allow him to begin drilling in the South China Sea but Alexis is determined to get her hands on the leases. Amanda moves out of Alexis's apartment and into the Carrington mansion. Steven decides to end his relationship with Luke Fuller and tells Claudia that he wants her back. Alexis attempts a takeover of Dominique's company so that she can blackmail her into relinquishing her 40% of Denver-Carrington and her position as executor of Tom Carrington's will. Brady is frustrated feeling that Dominique is turning to her new family and away from him and he tells her their marriage is over.
10618"The Ball"Jerome CourtlandStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: John Pleshette
February 6, 1985 (1985-02-06)DY-10425.90[12]
Blake, Alexis, Dex and Amanda travel to Acapulco for an oil conference and Krystle is disturbed when she calls Blake's hotel room and Alexis answers. Amanda meets Prince Michael of Moldavia. Jeff gets angry when he finds Nicole wearing some of Fallon's old clothes and jewelry. Adam feels that Blake is continually leaving him out of important Denver-Carrington business. Claudia tells Steven that their marriage is over. Daniel kisses Krystle after she has a horseback riding accident.
10719"Circumstantial Evidence"Curtis HarringtonStory by: Camille Marchetta & Donald R. Boyle
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
February 13, 1985 (1985-02-13)DY-10523.40[12]
Following their kiss, Daniel confesses to Krystle that he has always loved her, but she tells him that she loves Blake. Blake and Krystle are both sent photographs indicating that they may be cheating on each other; Krystle with Daniel and Blake with Lady Ashley Mitchell. Nicole is frustrated trying to live up to Fallon's angelic reputation and lashes out at Jeff by listing off Fallon's numerous past sexual relationships. After another clash with Alexis, Dex decides to join Daniel on one of his covert missions. Amanda learns Michael is engaged. Alexis gets the 25% of the South China Sea leases that Blake had put up for auction. Claudia is hurt when she sees Steven with Luke after Steven told her he was not going to see Luke anymore and she turns to Adam for comfort. Blake confronts Krystle about her feelings for Daniel.
10820"The Collapse"John PattersonStory by: Camille Marchetta & Donald R. Boyle
Teleplay by: Donald R. Boyle
February 20, 1985 (1985-02-20)DY-10624.60[12]
Alexis learns that Dominique is staging a hostile takeover of ColbyCo as a counter attack against Alexis trying to take her company. Krystle suspects that Lady Ashley sent the photographs to her and Blake. Alexis is livid when she finds out that Nicole was married to Peter DeVilbis. Brady sends Dominique divorce papers, but in the end, refuses to sell his shares in Dominique's company to Alexis, effectively stopping the takeover. Later that evening, Dominique collapses while singing after her victory over Alexis.
10921"Life and Death"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta & Donald R. Boyle
Teleplay by: Dennis Turner
February 27, 1985 (1985-02-27)DY-10724.80[12]
Dominique has to have heart surgery, and the operation is a success. Alexis discovers that Jeff and Nicole were never really married and once she tells him, Jeff ends his relationship with Nicole. Dex returns from his mission in Paraguay sick with malaria. After meeting Luke, Blake tells Steven that he'll try to accept him for who he is, but then Blake urges Claudia to give Steven another chance.
11022"Parental Consent"Kim FriedmanStory by: Camille Marchetta & Donald R. Boyle
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
March 6, 1985 (1985-03-06)DY-10824.00[12]
Alexis manages to persuade King Galen to let the marriage between Amanda and Michael go ahead. Krystle confronts Blake with a photograph she received of Lady Ashley kissing Blake.
11123"Photo Finish"Robert ScheererStory by: Camille Marchetta & Donald R. Boyle
Teleplay by: Susan Miller
March 13, 1985 (1985-03-13)DY-10924.20[12]
Sammy Jo is revealed as the person behind the incriminating photos being sent to Krystle and Blake. Prince Michael asks Amanda to marry him, but before she can give him an answer, she asks Dex if there can be any future for the two of them. Sammy Jo meets Rita, a woman who looks very much like Krystle. Krystle leaves the Carrington mansion with Krystina after an argument with Blake.
11224"The Crash"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta
Teleplay by: Dennis Turner
March 20, 1985 (1985-03-20)DY-11022.60[12]
Adam convinces Claudia to divorce Steven. Alexis tells Luke that she supports his relationship with Steven. Dominique returns home from the hospital. Amanda and Michael split up. Blake and Daniel are involved in a plane crash.
11325"Reconciliation"Nancy MaloneStory by: Camille Marchetta
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
March 27, 1985 (1985-03-27)DY-11123.10[12]
Blake and Daniel survive the plane crash and are rescued. Dex is jealous when he sees that Alexis is visibly disturbed by the news of Blake's crash and later Alexis witnesses a tender moment between Dex and Amanda. Alexis badgers Blake to get his help regarding Amanda and Michael's engagement and is thrown out of the Carrington mansion by Krystle. Blake and Krystle decide to make a go of their marriage. Krystle tells Daniel that Sammy Jo is his daughter. Adam is furious when he overhears Blake say that he intends to rewrite his will to give Jeff control of Denver-Carrington.
11426"Sammy Jo"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: Dennis Turner
April 3, 1985 (1985-04-03)DY-11223.10[12]
Adam sabotages Jeff's work at Denver-Carrington and tells Claudia he intends to takeover the company. Jeff spots Fallon in a photograph taken by Lady Ashley. Sammy Jo meets her biological father, Daniel Reece. Daniel then leaves for a covert mission in Libya, but before he leaves he makes Krystle promise to look after Sammy Jo.
11527"Kidnapped"Jerome CourtlandStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: Dennis Turner
April 10, 1985 (1985-04-10)DY-11324.50[12]
Alexis refuses to allow herself to believe that Fallon may be alive. Amanda is briefly kidnapped after attending a fashion show. Dex receives tragic news. An amnesiac Fallon (now played by Emma Samms) begs the LAPD for help.
11628"The Heiress"Irving J. MooreStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
May 8, 1985 (1985-05-08)DY-11421.90[12]

Krystle is saddened by the news of Daniel's death. Alexis, Michael and Amanda go to Moldavia to prepare for the big wedding and meet Michael's jealous former flame Elena, the duchess of Brana. Elena makes Amanda believe she is having an affair with Michael. Galen wants Alexis to leave Dex for him. Claudia is angered to learn that Blake is considering selling La Mirage. Daniel's will awards his farm, Delta Rho, and his fortune to Sammy Jo, though it is held in trust and Krystle has control over it.


Dynasty was preempted for three weeks by a repeat of the two-hour premiere of Hotel from 1983, another repeat of that show and The Fall Guy, and by a Miss Hollywood 1985 special hosted by Gene Kelly from April 17-May 1, 1985.[13][14][15]
11729"Royal Wedding"Jerome CourtlandStory by: Camille Marchetta & Susan Baskin
Teleplay by: Edward De Blasio
May 15, 1985 (1985-05-15)DY-11525.90[12]
Steven promises Luke they, along with Danny, will move in together when the wedding is over. Meanwhile, Adam and Claudia look like they are meant for each other. Sammy Jo plots revenge against Krystle, and gets an unusual idea when she sees Rita pretending to be Krystle. In Moldavia, Elena confesses to Amanda that she lied about the affair with Michael. The entire family gathers to watch Amanda and Michael get married. As the couple are proclaimed man and wife, armed revolutionaries attack the chapel, shooting everybody inside. Meanwhile back in Los Angeles, a woman stops by the Los Angeles Police Department needing help identifying herself: Fallon Carrington.

Reception

In season five, Dynasty was ranked #1 in the United States with a 25.0 Nielsen rating.[1][2]

gollark: And probably AAAA/TXT/etc support.
gollark: <@129553195314839552> You want this with better input validation basically.
gollark: ```javascriptconst dns = require("dns2")const fetch = require("node-fetch")const { Packet } = dns;const server = dns.createServer(async (request, send, rinfo) => { const response = Packet.createResponseFromRequest(request); const [ question ] = request.questions; const { name } = question; if (name.endsWith(".kst")) { const nameWithoutExt = name.replace(/\.kst$/, "") const kstName = await (await fetch(`https://krist.ceriat.net/names/${encodeURIComponent(nameWithoutExt)}`)).json() console.log(kstName) if (kstName.name.a) { response.answers.push({ name, type: Packet.TYPE.A, class: Packet.CLASS.IN, ttl: 300, address: kstName.name.a }); } send(response) } else { // work out how to send NOAUTH here send(response) }});server.on('request', (request, response, rinfo) => { console.log(request.header.id, request.questions[0]);});server.listen(5333);```
gollark: Still working on it.
gollark: I'll write up a rough thing.

References

  1. Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (October 2007). "Top-Rated Programs by Season". The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present (9th ed.). pp. 1689–1692. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4.
  2. "TV Ratings: 1984–85". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
  3. Jarvis, Jeff (August 12, 1985). "Desperate American AIDS Victims Journey to Paris, Hoping That a New Drug Can Stave Off Death". People. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  4. Harmetz, Aljean (October 31, 1985). "A Rule on Kissing Scenes and AIDS". The New York Times. Hollywood. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  5. Klein, Joe (September 2, 1985). "The Real Star of Dynasty". New York. pp. 32–39. Retrieved June 1, 2017 via Google Books.
  6. "TV Listings for May 15, 1985". TV Tango. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
  7. E! True Hollywood Story: Dynasty (2001)
  8. Tucker, Ken (March 25, 2011). "Unforgettable Cliff-Hangers". Entertainment Weekly (1147): 12.
  9. "Episode List: Dynasty (1983–1985)". TV Tango. p. 2. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  10. "TV Listings". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. October 3, 1984.
  11. "TV Listings". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. December 26, 1984.
  12. "Episode List: Dynasty (1985–1986)". TV Tango. p. 3. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  13. "TV Listings". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. April 17, 1985.
  14. "TV Listings". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. April 24, 1985.
  15. "TV Listings". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. May 1, 1985.
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