Double monastery

A double monastery (also dual monastery or double house) is a monastery combining separate communities of monks and of nuns, joined in one institution to share one church and other facilities.[1][lower-alpha 1] The practice is believed to have started in the East at the dawn of monasticism. It is considered more common in the monasticism of Eastern Christianity, where it is traceable to the 4th century. In the West the establishment of double monasteries became popular after Columbanus and sprang up in Gaul and in Anglo-Saxon England.[2] Double monasteries were forbidden by the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, though it took many years for the decree to be enforced.[3] In a significantly different way, double monasteries were revived again after the 12th century,[2] when a number of religious houses were established on this pattern, among Benedictines and possibly the Dominicans. The 14th-century Bridgittines were purposely founded using this form of community.

In the Roman church, monks and nuns would live in separate buildings but were usually united under an Abbess as head of the entire household, examples include the original Coldingham Priory in Scotland, Barking Abbey in London, and Einsiedeln Abbey and Fahr Convent in separate cantons of Switzerland, controlled by the male abbot of Einsiedeln without a converse arrangement for the prioress of Fahr whereas more commonly a female abbess ruled over the two communities.[4] In most English and many Continental instances the abbess tended to be a princess or widowed queen.

A more recent Eastern Orthodox example emerged in England at Tolleshunt Knights in Essex where the Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St. John the Baptist was established in 1965.

References
  1. Jankowski, Theodora A. (2000). Pure Resistance: Queer Virginity in Early Modern English Drama. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8122-3552-4.
  2. Parisse 1258.
  3. Hefele 385.
  4. Lawrence 52.
  5. Gerchow 15.
  6. Lawrence 46.
  7. Ranft 114.
  8. Ranft 116.
  9. Ranft 117.
  10. Lawrence 45.
  11. Röckelein 207.
  12. Lawrence 44.
  13. Gerchow 16.
  14. Dierkens.
  15. Lawrence 50.
  16. Ranft 118
  17. Lawrence 53.
  18. Hollis 125.
  19. Gerchow 17
  20. Hollis 259.
  21. Proksch 45-46.
  22. Gilchrist 24.
  23. Ruggieri 173.
  24. Ruggieri 175.
  25. Hefele 1894: 385.
  26. Gilchrist 32.
  27. Ranft 121.
  28. Lawrence 183.
  29. Ranft 120

Note
  1. Less frequently, the term is used to describe one monastery based on two sites like the Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Priory.

Bibliography
  • Dierkens, Alain (1989). "Prolégomènes à une historie des relationes culturelles entre les Îles Britanniques et le continent pendant le haut moyen âge". In Atsma, H. (ed.). La Neustrie. Les Pays au Nord de la Loire de 650 à 850. II. Sigmaringen. pp. 371–94.
  • Gerchow, Jan (2008). "Early Monasteries and Foundations (500-1200)". In Jeffrey F. Hamburger (ed.). Crown and Veil: Female Monasticism from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Centuries. Susan Marti. New York: Columbia UP. pp. 13–40. ISBN 978-0-231-13980-9.
  • Gilchrist, Roberta. Gender and Material Culture: The Archaeology of Religious Women. London: Routledge, 1994.
  • Hefele, Charles Joseph. A History of the Christian Councils, from the Original Documents to the Close of the Council of Nicæa. Translated from the German and Edited by William R. Clark. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1894.
  • Hefele, Charles Joseph. A History of the Councils of the Church. London: T & T Clark, 1896.
  • Hollis, Stephanie. Anglo-Saxon Women and the Church: Sharing A Common Fate. Rochester: Boydell, 1992.
  • Proksch, Nikola (1997). "The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries on the Continent". Monks of England: The Benedictines in England from Augustine to the Present Day. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 37–54.
  • Ranft, Patricia. Women and Spiritual Equality in Christian Tradition. New York: St. Martin's, 1998.
  • Lawrence, C.H. Medieval Monasticism. London: Longman, 1984.
  • Parisse, M. "Doppelkloster". Lexikon des Mittelalters. III. Metzler. pp. 1258–59. ISBN 3-476-01742-7.
  • Ruggieri, S.J. Byzantine Religious Architecture (582-867): Its History and Structural Elements. Rome: Pont. Institutum Studiorum Orientalium, 1991.
  • Röckelein, Hedwig (2008). "Founders, Donors, and Saints: Patrons of Nuns' Convents". In Jeffrey F. Hamburger (ed.). Crown and Veil: Female Monasticism from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Centuries. Susan Marti. New York: Columbia UP. pp. 207–24. ISBN 978-0-231-13980-9.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.