Dollhouse

A dollhouse or doll's house is a toy home made in miniature. For the last century dollhouses have primarily been the domain of children, but their collection and crafting is also a hobby for many adults. North-American English-speakers commonly use the term dollhouse. In the UK (United Kingdom) the term is doll's house (alternatively: dolls' house).[1]

For other uses, see Dollhouse (disambiguation).
Tudor style doll's house circa 1930

Today's dollhouses trace their history back about four hundred years to the baby house display cases of Europe, which showed idealized interiors. Smaller dollhouses with more realistic exteriors appeared in Europe in the 18th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but following the Industrial Revolution and World War II, they were increasingly mass-produced and became more standardized and affordable. Dollhouses can range from simple boxes stacked together used as rooms for play, up to multimillion-dollar structures displayed in museums.

Contemporary children's play dollhouses are mostly in 1:18 (or 2/3") scale, while 1:12 (or 1") scale is common for dollhouses made for adult collectors.

History
Dutch cabinet dollhouse of Petronella de la Court, Amsterdam 1670-1690

Miniature homes, furnished with domestic articles and resident inhabitants, both people and animals, have been made for thousands of years. The earliest known examples were found in the Egyptian tombs of the Old Kingdom, created nearly five thousand years ago. These wooden models of servants, furnishings, boats, livestock and pets placed in the Pyramids almost certainly were made for religious purposes.

The earliest known European dollhouses were the baby houses from the 16th century, which consisted of cabinet display cases made up of individual rooms. The term “baby” in baby house is coined from the old English word meaning doll. Dollhouses of this period showed idealized interiors complete with detailed furnishings and accessories. The cabinets were built by hand with architectural details, filled with miniature household items and were solely intended for adults. The baby moniker referred to the scale of the houses rather than the demographic it was aimed towards. They were off-limits to children, not because of safety concerns for the child but for the dollhouse. Such cabinet houses[2] were trophy collections owned by the few matrons living in the cities of Holland, England and Germany who were wealthy enough to afford them, and, fully furnished, were worth the price of a modest full-size house's construction.

A 17th century Nuremberg, Germany dollhouse

The earliest known recorded baby house was commissioned from 1557-1558 by Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria.[3]  

Smaller doll houses such as the Tate house, with more realistic exteriors, appeared in Europe in the 18th century.[4] Nuremberg kitchens, a type of single-room dollhouse, date back at least to 1572, when one was given to Dorothea and Anna, the Princesses of Saxony, daughters of Augustus, Elector of Saxony aged five and ten.[5]

The early European dollhouses were each unique, constructed on a custom basis by individual craftsmen. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, factories began mass-producing toys, including dollhouses and miniatures suitable for furnishing them. German companies noted for their dollhouses included Christian Hacker, Moritz Gottschalk, Elastolin, and Moritz Reichel. The list of important English companies includes Silber & Fleming, Evans & Cartwright, and Lines Brothers (which became Tri-ang). By the end of the 19th century American dollhouses were being made in the United States by The Bliss Manufacturing Company.

Germany produced the most prized dollhouses and doll house miniatures up until World War I. The doll houses were produced in Nuremberg, Germany; which, since the sixteenth century, was coined as the toy city. Their baby houses were thought to be the origin for the basic standards of contemporary doll houses.[6] Notable German miniature companies included Märklin, Rock and Graner and others. Their products were not only avidly collected in Central Europe, but regularly exported to Britain and North America. Germany's involvement in WWI seriously impeded both production and export. New manufacturers in other countries arose.

The TynieToy Company of Providence, Rhode Island, made authentic replicas of American antique houses and furniture in a uniform scale beginning in about 1917.[7] Other American companies of the early 20th century were Roger Williams Toys, Tootsietoy, Schoenhut, and the Wisconsin Toy Co. Dollhouse dolls and miniatures were also produced in Japan, mostly by copying original German designs.

After World War II, dollshouses were mass-produced in factories on a much larger scale with less detailed craftsmanship than before. By the 1950s, the typical dollhouse sold commercially was made of painted sheet metal filled with plastic furniture. Such houses cost little enough that the great majority of girls from the developed western countries that were not struggling with rebuilding after World War II could own one.

Standard scales
From left: 1:24 scale, 1:16 scale, 1:12 scale, 1:10 scale

The baby houses of the 17th and 18th centuries, and the toy dollhouses of the 19th and early 20th century rarely had uniform scales, even for the features or contents of any one individual house. Although a number of manufacturers made lines of miniature toy furniture in the 19th century, these products were not to a strict scale.

Children's play dollhouses from most of the 20th and 21st centuries are 1:18 or two third inch scale (where 1 foot is represented by 2/3 of an inch). Common brands include Lundby (Sweden), Renwal, Plasco, Marx, Petite Princess, and T. Cohn (all American) and Caroline's Home, Barton, Dol-Toi and Tri-ang (English). A few brands use 1:16 or 3/4"-scale.

The most common standard for adult collectors is 1:12 scale, also called 1" or one inch scale (where 1 foot is represented by 1 inch.) Among adult collectors there are also smaller scales which are much more common in the United States than in Britain. 1:24 or half inch scale (1 foot is 1/2") was popular in Marx dollhouses in the 1950s but only became widely available in collectible houses after 2002, about the same time that even smaller scales became more popular, like 1:48 or quarter inch scale (1 foot is 1/4") and 1:144 or "dollhouse for a dollhouse" scale.

In Germany during the middle part of the 20th century 1:10 scale became popular based on the metric system. Dollhouses coming out of Germany today remain closer in scale to 1:10 than 1:12.

The largest common size for dollhouses is 1:6 which is proportionate for Barbie, Ken, Blythe and other dolls 11-12 inches tall, and furniture and accessories such as Re-Ment.

Construction
Wooden children's dollhouse with plastic furniture in 1:18 scale, Netherlands, 1974

In the United States, most houses have an open back and a fancy front facade, while British houses are more likely to have a hinged front that opens to reveal the rooms.

Children's dollhouses during the 20th century have been made from a variety of materials, including metal (tin litho), fibreboard, plastic, and wood. With the exception of Lundby, 1:18 scale furniture for children's dollhouses has most often been made of plastic.

Contemporary kit and fully built houses are typically made of plywood or medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Tab-and-slot kits use a thinner plywood and are held together by a system of tabs and slots (plus glue). These houses are usually light-weight and lower cost but often require siding, shingles, or other exterior treatments to look realistic. Kits made from heavier plywood or MDF are held together with nails and glue.

As a hobby
Dollhouse items in 1:12 scale

The dolls house hobby has two main focuses: construction and/or purchase of dolls houses made by or for adult enthusiasts, and collection of contemporary, vintage or antique dolls houses which were often originally made for children.[8][9]

Dolls houses made by or for adult enthusiasts

Dollhouses for hobbyists and collectors are available in different forms. From ready-made and decorated houses to kits to custom built houses made to the customer's design. Some design and build their own dollhouse. Simpler designs might consist of boxes stacked together and used as rooms. Miniature objects used for decoration inside dollhouses include furniture, interior decorations, dolls and items like books, couches, furniture, wallpaper, and even clocks. Some of these are available ready-made, some are kits but may also be homemade. The UK's largest supplier of ready-made houses and furniture is Dolls House Emporium based in Kent but selling world-wide via their e-commerce website.[10]

There are dozens of miniature trade shows held throughout the year by various miniature organizations and enthusiasts, where artisans and dealers display and sell miniatures. Often, how-to seminars and workshops are part of the show features. Miniature stores also hold classes. Enthusiasts share images online and use Internet forums, blogs and other online social media to share information about dollhouses and miniatures.

Collection of vintage or antique dolls houses

Recognition of the value and enjoyment of collecting vintage and antique dolls houses as a hobby is due largely to the publications of two experts, Vivien Greene (1904-2003) in the UK, and Flora Gill Jacobs (1918-2006) in the US. Vivien Greene's first book, English Dolls' Houses of the 18th and 19th Centuries, was published in 1955; in the same year, an exhibition of period dolls houses from several countries was held in London.[11] Flora Gill Jacobs' first book, A History of Dolls’ Houses, was published in 1953.[12] Both collectors opened museums dedicated to dolls houses, the Rotunda (1962-1998) in Oxford, England, and the Washington Dolls’ House & Toy Museum (1975-2004),[13] in Washington D.C., US.

Through print publications such as the International Dolls' House News (c 1969-2002), collectors around the world shared photos, tips, queries and information; today, websites, blogs and social media forums allow even more collectors to share their hobby.

Notable dollhouses
Queen Mary's Dolls' House constructed for Queen Mary in 1924

Queen Mary's Dolls' House was designed for Queen Mary in 1924 by Sir Edwin Lutyens, a leading architect of the time, and is on display at Windsor Castle.[14] When first put on display it was visited by 1.6 million people in seven months.[15] It is approximately 5' tall, contains 16 rooms, and required 4 years to construct. The dollhouse has working plumbing and lights and is filled with miniature items of the finest and most modern goods of the period. Writers like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Rudyard Kipling contributed special books which were written and bound in scale size.[16]

The Stettheimer Dollhouse was constructed in New York City by Carrie Walter Stettheimer between 1916 and 1935. Many contemporary artists made miniatures of their art for the dollhouse, including Marcel Duchamp, Alexander Archipenko, George Bellows, Gaston Lachaise, and Marguerite Zorach.[17][18] It is 28" high and contains 12 rooms, and is now located at the Museum of the City of New York.[19] The 68 miniature Thorne Rooms room boxes, each with a different theme, were designed by Narcissa Niblack Thorne and furniture for them was created by craftsmen in the 1930s and 40s. They are now at the Art Institute of Chicago, Phoenix Art Museum and the Knoxville Museum of Art in Knoxville, Tennessee.[20]

Exterior of the Astolat Dollhouse Castle, built between 1976 and 1986 in USA

American silent film actress Colleen Moore's dollhouse is called the Fairy Castle. It is 7' tall, has twelve rooms, and required 7 years to construct, beginning in 1928. In 2012 dollars, the fairy Castle would cost $7 million and when first put on tour it generated $9 million in revenue over a four-year period.[21][22] It has been on display since the 1950s at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois[23] and is visited by an estimated 1.5 million people each year.[24][25]

The Astolat Dollhouse Castle was inspired by Alfred Tennyson's poetry about the Lady of the Lake and built between 1974 and 1987 by miniaturist Elaine Diehl. It was appraised over $1 million in 2006 and at $8.5 million in 2015 primarily because of the upgrade to the interiors and pieces.[26][27][28][29] It is 9' tall, has 29 rooms and is on display at the Nassau County Museum of Art on Long Island, New York.[30][31] The Colleen Moore fairy Castle Dollhouse and the Astolat Dollhouse Castle were designed with fixed contiguous exterior walls to create a three-dimensional viewing effect.[15][23]

Titania's Palace is on display in Egeskov Castle in Denmark, a miniature castle that was hand-built by James Hicks & Sons, Irish Cabinet Makers who were commissioned by Sir Neville Wilkinson from 1907 to 1922. The palace is 4' 1" tall, contains 18 rooms, and required 15 years to construct.[32] It was built in Ireland but was won by Denmark in a bidding war in 1978 at Sotheby's London Auction house.[33] Tara's Palace is located in the Tara's Palace Museum of Childhood in the grounds of Powerscourt Estate near Enniskerry, Ireland. It required 10 years to build, is 4'6" in height, contains 22 rooms, and was built by Ron McDonnell beginning in 1978 after he failed to secure the return of Titania's Palace to Ireland. It is furnished with miniature antiques.[34][35]

One of Sara Rothé's 18th century Dutch dollhouses

Other older and notable dollhouses include the Amsterdam, Netherlands 18th century dollhouses of Sara Rothé; one is in the Frans Hals Museum, and one is in the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag; and the dollhouse of Petronella Oortman in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. The Rijksmuseum estimates that P. Oortman spent twenty to thirty thousand guilders on her miniature house, which was nearly the price of a real house along one of Amsterdam's canals at that time. All three dollhouses shows the linen room (laundry room), kitchen, and bedrooms in great detail.[2] In the United Kingdom, the Uppark Baby-house (ca. 1730) is on exhibit at Uppark, West Sussex, owned by The National Trust. The Nostell Priory Baby-house (ca. 1730) is on exhibit at Nostell Priory, Yorkshire, also owned by The National Trust. The Tate House (1760) is on exhibit in the Museum of Childhood in London, England.[4] In Tampere in Finland, the Moomin Museum displays the Moomin house, a dollhouse created around the Moomin characters of Tove Jansson. The house was built by Jansson, Tuulikki Pietilä and Pentti Eistola and later donated to the town of Tampere.[36] The museum also contains dozens of roomboxes with Moomin characters, all made by Tuulikki Pietilä. The Dollhouse Museum (German: Puppenhausmuseum) in Basel, Switzerland is the largest museum of its kind in Europe.

Anna Köferlin’s Nuremberg doll house, which was commissioned in 1631, was publicly displayed and advertised by Köferlin in the form of original verses composed on broadsheet.[3]

In Russia most famous dollhouse was one made for Pavel Naschekin (1830s, now in the collection of National Pushkin Museum).

Women and doll houses

As interest in doll houses expanded during the seventeenth century, there was also a shift in the gender-oriented organization of the miniature houses towards a more feminine focus. There is a shift of viewing doll houses as a collectible “male-oriented artefact to a female-organized model of domesticity”.[6] Dutch doll houses resembled cabinets with separate compartments of fully furnished rooms than actual houses, which represented the domestic household, “through the inclusion of amply-stocked linen rooms and kitchens”.[3] 

  • French dollhouse, 17th-century
  • Dollhouse interior with dolls, Nuremberg, Germany, c. 1650–1700
  • Illustration of dolls and dollhouse, by Beatrix Potter, from The Tale of Two Bad Mice, England, 1904
  • Dollhouse made of clay, Mauritania, 20th century
  • Detail of dollhouse terrace, Germany, 1960s
  • Mass-produced Swedish wooden dollhouse with wooden furniture, 1:18 scale, Lundby, 1961–64
  • Amy Carter pictured in the White House with an American dollhouse, 1978
  • Mass-produced German plastic Playmobil dollhouse, late 20th/early 21st century
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References
  1. "doll's house". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. "Dolls' house of Petronella Oortman, anonymous, c. 1686 - c. 1710 - Rijksmuseum". rijksmuseum.nl. Archived from the original on 2006-08-16. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
  3. Chen, Nancy (September 2015). ""Playing with Size and Reality: The Fascination of a Dolls' House World"". Children's Literature in Education. 46: 278–295. doi:10.1007/s10583-014-9234-y – via EBSCOhost.
  4. "Tate Baby House - V&A Museum of Childhood". vam.ac.uk.
  5. Gröber, Karl (1928). Children's Toys of Bygone Days: A History of Playthings of All Peoples from Prehistoric Times to the XIXth Century (trans. Philip Hereford ed.). Frederick A. Stokes Company.
  6. King, Constance Eileen (1983). The collector's history of dolls' houses, doll's house dolls, and miniatures. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0312150288.
  7. "A Brief TinyToy History". tynietoy.com.
  8. Eaton, Faith (1994), The ultimate dolls' house book (1st American ed.), Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 978-1-56458-616-2
  9. Jackson, Val (1992), A collector's guide to doll's houses, New Burlington Books, ISBN 978-1-85348-400-1
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  11. '18th and 19th Century Elegance Evoked by some Contemporary Dolls' Houses, in the Illustrated London News, 24 December 1955, p 1108. Accessed through the British Newspaper Archive, https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001578/19551224/073/0028, 13 October 2018.
  12. http://lakeislepress.com/authors/detail/flora-gill-jacobs/
  13. http://www.antiquetrader.com/featured/washington-dolls-house-toy-museum-founders-collection-heading-market/
  14. "Highlights of Windsor Castle". www.royalcollection.org.uk.
  15. "The Believer - Safe As Houses". believermag.com. 1 November 2010.
  16. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2016-05-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. Bloemink, Barbara J., and Florine Stettheimer. 1995. The life and art of Florine Stettheimer. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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  21. "The Story". www.msichicago.org.
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  23. "Colleen Moore's Fairy Castle". 13 November 1996. Archived from the original on 13 November 1996.
  24. "Home". www.msichicago.org.
  25. "50 Years Of Colleen Moore's Fairy Castle". Chicago Tribune. 1985-08-23.
  26. "This Dollhouse Costs $8.5 Million. Let's Take a Tour". 11 November 2015 – via www.bloomberg.com.
  27. "Google". www.google.com.
  28. Shattuck, Kathryn (2005-07-31). "Footlights". The New York Times.
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  35. Museum and Collection | Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
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