Doabi dialect

Doabi is a dialect of the Punjabi language. The dialect is named for the region in which it was historically spoken, Doaba[2] (also known as Bist Doab); the word doab means "the land between two rivers" and this dialect was historically spoken in the doab between the Beas River and Sutlej River. Its occurrence in parts of Pakistani Punjab owes to post-1947 migration of Muslim populace from East Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: the Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr districts of Indian Punjab, including the areas known as the Dona and Manjki; and the Toba Tek Singh and Faisalabad districts of Pakistani Punjab.

Doabi Punjabi
Native toDoaba, Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab
RegionPunjab
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologdoab1238[1]
Dialects of the Punjabi language. Doabi is in lime green to the right of Majhi

The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.[3]

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Analysis

The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana district, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari. Some of the linguistic Linguistic features of the Doabi dialect that separate it from other Punjabi dialects are as below:[4]

Consonants
Consonant Doabi word English translation
p ⟨ਪ⟩ /pəl/ ‘moment’ (ਪਲ)
pʰ ⟨ਫ⟩ /pʰəl/ ‘fruit’ (ਫਲ)
b ⟨ਬ⟩ /baːlɳ/ ‘firewood’(ਬਾਲਣ)
t̪ ⟨ਤ⟩ /taːɾ/ ‘wire’ (ਤਾਰ)
t̪ʰ ⟨ਥ⟩ /tʰaːl/ ‘round tray’(ਥਾਲ)
d̪ ⟨ਦ⟩ /daːl/ ‘pulse’
ʈ ⟨ਟ⟩ /ʈaːl/ ‘pile’
ʈʰ ⟨ਠ⟩ /ʈʰiːk/ ‘correct’ (ਠੀਕ)
ɖ ⟨ਡ⟩ /ɖaːk/ ‘mail’ (ਡਾਕ)
t͡ʃʰ ⟨ਛ⟩ /t͡ʃʰəp/ ‘imprint’ (ਛਾਪ)
d͡ʒ ⟨ਜ⟩ /dʒoːk/ leech (ਜੋਕ)
k ⟨ਕ⟩ /kaːɡ/ ‘crow’ (ਕਾਂ)
kʰ ⟨ਖ⟩ /kʰoːl/ ‘open’
ɡ ⟨ਗ⟩ /ɡaːɭ/ ‘abuse’ (ਗਾਲ)
m ⟨ਮ⟩ /moːɾ/ ‘peacock’
n ⟨ਨ⟩ /nəɾ/ ‘male’
ɳ* ⟨ਣ⟩ /ɦoɳ/ ‘now’ (ਹੁਣ)
l ⟨ਲ⟩ /laːl/ ‘red’ (ਲਾਲ)
ɭ* ⟨ਲ਼⟩ /koːɭ/ ‘near’ (ਕੋਲ਼)
(s ⟨ਸ⟩) /soɳ/ ‘hear’ (ਸੁਣ)
(ʃ ⟨ਸ਼⟩) /ʃeːɾ/ ‘lion’ (ਸ਼ੇਰ)
(z ⟨ਜ਼⟩) /zoːɾ/ ‘strength’ (ਜ਼ੋਰ)
(f ⟨ਫ਼⟩) /fəslə/ ‘distance’
ɦ ⟨ਹ⟩ /ɦoːɾ/ ‘more’ (ਹੋਰ)
ɾ ⟨ਰ⟩ /ɾoːɡ/ ‘disease’
ɽ* ⟨ੜ⟩ /pɪɽ/ ‘pain’ (ਪੀੜ)

* does not occur word initially

Vowels

Doabi has ten vowels. These are /ə, ɪ, ʊ, aː, ɛː, eː, iː, ɔː, oː, uː/

For example:

Vowel Word Translation
ə ਅ /əkkʰ/ 'eye'
ʊ ਉ /ʊʈʰ/ ‘awake’
ɪ ਇ /ɪʈʈ/ ‘brick’
aː ਆ /aːs/ ‘hope’
ɛː ਐ /ɛːnək/ spectacles’
uː ਊ /uːʈʈʰ/ ‘camel’
eː ਏ /ʃeːɾ/ ‘lion’
oː ਅੋ /moːɾ/ ‘peacock’
ɔː ਔ /ɦɔːl/ ‘fear’
iː ਈ /tiːɾ/ ‘arrow’

Other suprasegmental phonemes

Tone, stress and nasalization in Doabi are phonemic.

Tone

Three tones are used in Doabi; low, mid and high. For example;

Tone Doabi word English translation
Falling ਭਾ pà ‘rate’
Neutral ਪਾ pa ‘put’
Rising ਪਾਹ pá ‘harsh’

Stress

Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.

Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.

For example:

Doabi word English translation
ਘੜਾ /'kə̀ɽa:/ ‘pitcher’
ਘੜਾ /kə'ɽà:/ ‘to shape, sculpt, mold’

Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;

Unstressed Doabi word English translation
s satt ‘essence’
t pata ‘address’
Stressed Doabi word English translation
s sat ‘seven’
tt patta ‘leaf’

Some basic vocabulary items
Doabi pronunciation English translation
pāpā ‘father’
pɛ̀n ‘sister’
bhrā ‘brother’
se/seb ‘apple’
chònnā ‘paddy’
vaddā ‘elder’

Features

Substituting letters

Doabi's drop the letter "v" at the start of a word and use the letter "b"[5] as in "Vada" (big) to "Bada". They also use the letter "o" elsewhere in a word instead of a "v" as in "Khvab" (dream) to "Khoaab". A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of the "w" sound. Where "v" appears in the middle of a word in standard Punjabi, Doabis use "w" so that "hava" (wind) becomes "hawa". Also, the vowel "u" is pronounced with an "o". Accordingly, "khush" (happy) becomes "khosh" or "kuht" (to beat) becomes "koht". In Doabi, any word beginning with "i" is pronounced with "e". For example, the word "khich" (to pull) is pronounced as "khech" or the word "vich" (inside) is pronounced as "bech".

Doabis do not use "z" and therefore substitute "j". This is common in the Punjabi language as "z" is not indigenous to the area.

Sentence structure

Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the ”Inj / Aistaran", "Jistaran", Kistaran" used in Punjabi's prestige dialect, Majhi.

Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)

Examples:

Phrase Doabi Standard Punjabi
He is doing Oh kardā ā

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਆ

اوہ کرداا

 Oh kardā ɛ̀/e*

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ/ਏ*

اوہ کردا ہے/اے

They are doing Oh karde (y)ā

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਆ

اوہ کردے آ

 Oh karde han

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ

اوہ کردے ہِن

*spoken forms

Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi

Examples:

Phrase Doabi Standard Punjabi
He was doing oh kardā sī/sīgā

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ اوہ کردا سی/سیگا

 oh kardā sī

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ اوہ کردا سی

They were doing oh karde sī/sīge

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ /ਸੀਗੇ اوہ کردے سی/سیگے

 oh karde san

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ (also ਸਣ in spoken Majhi) اوہ کردے سن

You (sing. m.) were doing tũ kardā sī/sīgā

ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ توں کردا سی/سیگا

 tũ kardā sɛ̃

ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੈਂ توں کردا سیں

You (pl.) were doing tusī̃ karde sī/sīge

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ تسی کردے سی/سیگے

 tusī̃ karde so

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੋ تسی کردے سو

I (m.) was doing mɛ̃ kardā sī/sīgā

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ میں کردا سی/سیگا

 mɛ̃ kardā sã

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸਾਂ میں کردا ساں

We were doing āppā karde sī/sīge

ਆਪਾਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ آپاں کردے سی/سیگے

 asī̃ karde sã

ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਾਂ اسیں کردےساں

Vocabulary
Doabi English Standard Punjabi
"hougā" Will Happen "hovegā"
"bāɽa" Cow shed "havelī"
"dhauṇ" Neck "gardan"
"pāḷā or ṭhanḍā" Cold weather "sardī"
"kunjī" Key "chābbī"
"gaṭhe" Onions "ganḍeh"
"niāṇe" Children "bacche"
"dekhnā" To See "vekhnā"
"kardā hɛgā / kardā sī” To Be Doing "kar riha ɛ̀"
"gábbe" Middle "vichkār"
"līre/kappaṛe/talle" Clothes "kappare"
"lītā" Bought "kharīdā"
gollark: You might as well ask why "eat" becomes "ate" in the past tense.
gollark: English does not routinely run on consistently applied rules.
gollark: Fixed it. (oops, I meant to send this in <#426116061415342080> but messed up the channel somehow, sorry)
gollark: Possibly because there seems to be a weird lack of good open-source OCR stuff (Tesseract isn't general enough to work on memes).
gollark: I did try installing something for this once but ML stuff always has horrible dependency issues, and it didn't do OCR.

See also

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Doab". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Punjabi University, Patiala.
  3. Tribune 28 January 2009 Sarbjit Dhaliwal
  4. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2014-04-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-11-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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