Distributed Bragg reflector

A distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) is a reflector used in waveguides, such as optical fibers. It is a structure formed from multiple layers of alternating materials with varying refractive index, or by periodic variation of some characteristic (such as height) of a dielectric waveguide, resulting in periodic variation in the effective refractive index in the guide. Each layer boundary causes a partial reflection of an optical wave. For waves whose vacuum wavelength is close to four times the optical thickness of the layers, the many reflections combine with constructive interference, and the layers act as a high-quality reflector. The range of wavelengths that are reflected is called the photonic stopband. Within this range of wavelengths, light is "forbidden" to propagate in the structure.

Time-resolved simulation of a pulse reflecting from a Bragg mirror.

Reflectivity
Calculated reflectivity of a schematic DBR structure

The DBR's reflectivity, , for intensity is approximately given by [1]

where and are the respective refractive indices of the originating medium, the two alternating materials, and the terminating medium (i.e. backing or substrate); and is the number of repeated pairs of low/high refractive index material.

The frequency bandwidth of the photonic stopband can be calculated by

where is the central frequency of the band. This configuration gives the largest possible ratio that can be achieved with these two values of the refractive index.[2]

Increasing the number of pairs in a DBR increases the mirror reflectivity and increasing the refractive index contrast between the materials in the Bragg pairs increases both the reflectivity and the bandwidth. A common choice of materials for the stack is titanium dioxide (n≈2.5) and silica (n≈1.5).[3] Substituting into the formula above gives a bandwidth of about 200 nm for 630 nm light.

Distributed Bragg reflectors are critical components in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and other types of narrow-linewidth laser diodes such as distributed feedback (DFB) lasers and distributed bragg reflector (DBR) lasers. They are also used to form the cavity resonator (or optical cavity) in fiber lasers and free electron lasers.

TE and TM mode reflectivity
Calculated reflectivity for TE mode light at various incidence angles, and wavelengths. Red regions correspond to R=1, while blue regions correspond to R=0, and other colors 0 < R < 1.
Calculated reflectivity for TM mode light at various incidence angles, and wavelengths. Orange regions correspond to R=1, while blue regions correspond to R=0, and other colors 0 < R < 1.

This section discusses the interaction of transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized light with the DBR structure, over several wavelengths and incidence angles. This reflectivity of the DBR structure (described below) was calculated using the transfer-matrix method (TMM), where the TE mode alone is highly reflected by this stack, while the TM modes are passed through. This also shows the DBR acting as a polarizer.

For TE and TM incidence we have the reflection spectra of a DBR stack, corresponding to a 6 layer stack of dielectric contrast of 11.5, between an air and dielectric layers. The thicknesses of the air and dielectric layers are 0.8 and 0.2 of the period, respectively. The wavelength in the figures below, corresponds to multiples of the cell period.

This DBR is also a simple example of a 1D photonic crystal. It has a complete TE band gap, but only a pseudo TM band gap.

Bio-inspired Bragg Reflectors

Bio-inspired Bragg Reflectors are 1D photonic crystals inspired by nature. Reflection of light from such a nanostructured matter results in structural colouration. When designed from mesoporous metal-oxides[4][5] or polymers[6], these devices can be used as low-cost vapor/solvents sensors[7]. For example, colour of this porous multi-layered structures will change when the matter filling up the pores is substituted by another, e.g. substituting air with water.

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See also

References
  1. Sheppard, C.J.R. (1995). "Approximate calculation of the reflection coefficient from a stratified medium". Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of the European Optical Society Part A. 4 (5): 665. Bibcode:1995PApOp...4..665S. doi:10.1088/0963-9659/4/5/018.
  2. Osting, B. (2012). "Bragg structure and the first spectral gap". Applied Mathematics Letters. 25 (11): 1926–1930. doi:10.1016/j.aml.2012.03.002.
  3. Paschotta, Rüdiger. "Bragg Mirrors". Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology. RP Photonics. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
  4. Guldin, Stefan; Kolle, Mathias; Stefik, Morgan; Langford, Richard; Eder, Dominik; Wiesner, Ulrich; Steiner, Ullrich (2011-07-06). "Tunable Mesoporous Bragg Reflectors Based on Block-Copolymer Self-Assembly" (PDF). Advanced Materials. 23 (32): 3664–3668. doi:10.1002/adma.201100640. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 21732558.
  5. Ghazzal, Mohamed N.; Deparis, Olivier; De Coninck, Joel; Gaigneaux, Eric M. (2013). "Tailored refractive index of inorganic mesoporous mixed-oxide Bragg stacks with bio-inspired hygrochromic optical properties". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 1 (39): 6202. doi:10.1039/c3tc31178c. ISSN 2050-7526.
  6. Lova, Paola; Manfredi, Giovanni; Boarino, Luca; Comite, Antonio; Laus, Michele; Patrini, Maddalena; Marabelli, Franco; Soci, Cesare; Comoretto, Davide (2015-03-10). "Polymer Distributed Bragg Reflectors for Vapor Sensing". ACS Photonics. 2 (4): 537–543. doi:10.1021/ph500461w. ISSN 2330-4022.
  7. Wang, Hui; Zhang, Ke-Qin; Wang, Hui; Zhang, Ke-Qin (2013-03-28). "Photonic Crystal Structures with Tunable Structure Color as Colorimetric Sensors". Sensors. 13 (4): 4192–4213. doi:10.3390/s130404192. PMC 3673079. PMID 23539027.
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