Dipterocarpus turbinatus

Dipterocarpus turbinatus (Khmer chhë tië:l dâ:ng;[3] India gurjan,[4] gurjun,[4] gurgina; Tagalog mayapis;[5] Chinese 羯布罗香 jie bu luo xiang;[6] Malay language keruing,[4] the last an international name for Dipterocarpus wood) is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae native to north-eastern India and mainland Southeast Asia, and cultivated in surrounding areas. It is an important source of the wood known as keruing, and is often used in the plywood industry.[7]

Dipterocarpus turbinatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Genus: Dipterocarpus
Species:
D. turbinatus
Binomial name
Dipterocarpus turbinatus
Synonyms
  • D. jourdanii Pierre
  • D. jourdainii Pierre ex Laness
  • D. laevis Buch.-Ham.
  • D. mayapis Blanco
  • D. turbinatus var. ramipiliferus Y.K. Yang & J.K. Wu

Distribution

The tree is indigenous within the area from India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo Island, Cambodia, Laos to Vietnam, while it is cultivated in Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan), Philippines, and China (southeast Xizang, southern & western Yunnan).

Description

The trees of D. turbinatus are lofty, growing 30-45m tall. The bark is gray or dark brown, and is shallowly longitudinally fissured and flaky. Branchlets are glabrescent. The leaf buds are falcate, with both buds and young twigs densely gray and puberulous. The stipules are 2–6 cm, densely, shortly dark grayish or dark yellow puberulous; the petiole is 2–3 cm, densely gray puberulous or glabrescent; the leaf blade is ovate-oblong, 20-30 × 8–13 cm, leathery, glabrous or sparsely stellate pubescent, lateral veins are in 15-20 pairs conspicuously raised abaxially, base rounded or somewhat cordate, margin entire or sometimes sinuate, apex acuminate or acute. The racemes are axillary, 3-6-flowered. Calyx segments are 2 linear, 3 shorter, all glabrous, outside glaucous. The stamens are about 30; anthers linear-lanceolate; connective appendages filiform. The ovary is densely pubescent; style terete, silvery gray tomentose on lower half. The nut is ovoid or narrowly ovoid, densely appressed tomentose; the calyx tube is up to 2.8 cm in diameter, glabrous and glaucous; the winglike calyx segments are linear-lanceolate, 12-15 × ca. 3 cm, glabrous, minutely papillate near much-ramified solitary midvein. Flowering is from March to April, and fruiting occurs in June and July.[6][7]

Habitat and status

It is found in mixed deciduous, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. In Cambodia one description[3] of the habitats is wet dense forest, sometimes on sandy, clayey soils, sometimes on red soils. The conservation status is based on the rate of habitat loss, the major threat for the species, though some subpopulations are protected in reserves.

The resin of the tree (known internationally as East Indian copaiba balsam[4]) is used in India, where it is the source of kanyin oil and gurjun oil,[4] and in Cambodia, where the almost solid resin is especially used to prepare torches.[3] The red brown wood has use documented for India,[4] Cambodia[3] and Yunnan, China.[8] In Cambodia the wood is popular for sawing, woodwork and teacabinet-work. In herbal medicine, the plant has been traditionally used for treating gonorrhea, leprosy, psoriasis and other skin diseases.[5][9] In the home-gardens of South China, it is cultivated both as a medicinal and as a perfume plant.[8]

Literature
  • Aubréville, A., et al., ed, 1960–, Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viet-Nam
  • Boutelje, J. B., 1980, Encyclopedia of world timbers, names and technical literature
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1959–, Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae
  • FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1985, Dipterocarps of South Asia FAO, Bangkok
  • Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2007, Flora of China 13: 1–548. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2010, Ecocrop (on-line resource)
  • Kostermans, A.J.G.H., ed, 1987, Proceedings of the Third Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps UNESCO, Jakarta
  • Oldfield, S., C. Lusty, & A. MacKinven, compilers, 1998, The World List of Threatened Trees, World Conservation Press, Cambridge, England
  • Phengklai, C.; Khamsai, S. (1985). "Some non-timber species of Thailand". Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 1 (15): 108–48.
  • Steenis, C. G. G. J. van, ed, 1948–, Flora malesiana
gollark: This is ridiculous.
gollark: ?coliru```haskellimport Control.Applicativeimport Data.Listimport Data.Monoidimport Control.Monada x = (concat . tails x) ++ a xmain = putStr$take 100$a"BCD"```
gollark: ?coliru```haskellimport Control.Applicativeimport Data.Listimport Data.Monoidimport Control.Monada=join.liftA2(<>)inits tailsmain = putStr$a"Haskell: putting the ridiculously convoluted stuff nobody wanted into your code"```
gollark: ?coliru```haskellimport Control.Applicativeimport Data.Listimport Data.Monoidimport Control.Monada=join.liftA2(<>)inits tailsmain = putStr$a"Haskell: Putting the profunctor optics into functional"```
gollark: ?coliru```haskellimport Control.Applicativeimport Data.Listimport Data.Monoidimport Control.Monada=join.liftA2(<>)inits tailsmain = putStr$a"HASKELL IS FUN & COOL™"```

References
  1. Ashton (1998). "Dipterocarpus turbinatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998. Retrieved 24 August 2012.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Listed as Critically Endangered (LC v2.3)
  2. Karl Friedrich von Gaertner, Supplementum Carpologicae 51, t. 188. 1805
  3. DY PHON Pauline, 2000, Plants Used In Cambodia, self-published, printed by Imprimerie Olympic, Phnom Penh
  4. "Dipterocarpus turbinatus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  5. Henderson; B., Thomas (1865). "Treatment of Gonorhœa". British Medical Journal. 1 (228): 490–2. PMC 2325667. PMID 20744481.
  6. "Flora of China Editorial Committee_Flora of China". Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis. 2007. pp. 1–548. Retrieved 24 August 2012. available at Efloras.org
  7. "The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)". Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  8. Long Chun, Lin (1990). "Diversification of homegardens as a sustainable agroecosystem in Xishuangbanna, China Suan V Symposium on rural-urban ecosystem interactions in development(Bandung)May 21–24, 1990". Inst. Ecol. Padjadjaran Univ. Bandung. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  9. "Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases". Retrieved 24 August 2012.
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