Digital subtraction angiography

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a fluoroscopy technique used in interventional radiology to clearly visualize blood vessels in a bony or dense soft tissue environment. Images are produced using contrast medium by subtracting a "pre-contrast image" or mask from subsequent images, once the contrast medium has been introduced into a structure. Hence the term "digital subtraction angiography".[1] Subtraction angiography was first described in 1935 and in English sources in 1962 as a manual technique. Digital technology made DSA practical from the 1970s.[2][3]

Digital subtraction angiography
Example of iodine-based contrast in cerebral angiography
MeSHD015901

Procedure

DSA and fluoroscopy

In traditional angiography, images are acquired by exposing an area of interest with time-controlled x-rays while injecting contrast medium into the blood vessels. The image obtained includes the blood vessels, together with all overlying and underlying structures.[2] The images are useful for determining anatomical position and variations, but unhelpful for visualizing blood vessels accurately.

In order to remove the distracting structures to see the vessels better, first a mask image is acquired. The mask image is simply an image of the same area before the contrast is administered. The radiological equipment used to capture this is usually an X-ray image intensifier, which then keeps producing images of the same area at a set rate (1 to 7.5 frames per second). Each subsequent image gets the original "mask" image subtracted out. (Mathematically, the incoming image is divided by the mask image.) The radiologist controls how much contrast media is injected and for how long. Smaller structures require less contrast to fill the vessel than others. Images produced appear with a very pale grey background, which produces a high contrast to the blood vessels, which appear a very dark grey.[4]

The images are all produced in real time by the computer or image processor, while the contrast is injected into the blood vessels.

Intravenous digital subtraction angiography

Intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV-DSA) is a form of angiography which was first developed in the late 1970s.

IV-DSA is a computer technique which compares an X-ray image of a region of the body before and after radiopaque iodine based dye has been injected intravenously into the body. Tissues and blood vessels on the first image are digitally subtracted from the second image, leaving a clear picture of the artery which can then be studied independently and in isolation from the rest of the body.

Some limited studies have indicated that IV-DSA is not suitable for patients with diabetes or kidney failure because the dye load is significantly higher than that used in arteriography.[5] However, IV-DSA has been used successfully to study the vessels of the brain and heart and has helped detect carotid artery obstruction and to map patterns of cerebral blood flow. It also helps detect and diagnose lesions in the carotid arteries, a potential cause of strokes.[6][7][8]

IV-DSA has also been useful in assessing patients prior to surgery and after coronary artery bypass surgery and some transplant operations.

Applications

DSA is primarily used to image blood vessels. It is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of arterial and venous occlusions, including carotid artery stenosis, pulmonary embolisms, and acute limb ischaemia; arterial stenosis, which is particularly useful for potential kidney donors in detecting renal artery stenosis (DSA is the gold standard investigation for renal artery stenosis[9]); cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVM).

The future

DSA is done less and less routinely in imaging departments. It is being replaced by computed tomography angiography (CTA), which can produce 3D images through a test which is less invasive[10] and stressful for the patient,[11] and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which avoids X-rays and nephrotoxic contrast agents.[12]

gollark: It's an AE2 feature which lets you store blocks and entities in storage cells.
gollark: Oh, fun fact: you can actually spatial-IO end portals, although apparently not bedrock.
gollark: Does that break the shield?
gollark: If you put it in the overworld it just flies off to what I assume is where it would live if it was in the End.
gollark: You can't really see it because it's a still image, but the guardian is frozen in place and can be moved via spatial IO.

See also

References
  1. Martin, Elizabeth (2015). Concise Medical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199687817.
  2. Jeans, W. D.; Stout, Paul (March 1990). "The development and use of digital subtraction angiography". The British Journal of Radiology. 63 (747): 161–168. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-63-747-161. PMID 2185864.
  3. Hanafee, William; Stout, Paul (October 1962). "Subtraction Technic". Radiology. 79 (4): 658–661. doi:10.1148/79.4.658. PMID 13952459.
  4. Menken, Matthew; DeFriese, Gordon H; Oliver, Thomas R; Litt, Irwin (1985). "Introduction to Digital Subtraction Angiography". The cost effectiveness of digital subtraction angiography in the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease (PDF). Washington D.C.: Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 15. ISBN 9781428923348.
  5. Rao, Qasim Ali; Newhouse, Jeffrey H. (May 2006). "Risk of Nephropathy after Intravenous Administration of Contrast Material: A Critical Literature Analysis". Radiology. 239 (2): 392–397. doi:10.1148/radiol.2392050413.
  6. Eddy AC, Nance DR, Goldman MA, et al. (May 1990). "Rapid diagnosis of thoracic aortic transection using intravenous digital subtraction angiography". Am. J. Surg. 159 (5): 500–3. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(05)81255-3. PMID 2334014.
  7. Zwiebel WJ, Strother CM, Austin CW, Sackett JF (1 July 1985). "Comparison of ultrasound and IV-DSA for carotid evaluation". Stroke. 16 (4): 633–43. doi:10.1161/01.STR.16.4.633. PMID 3895593.
  8. D'Alotto C, Pelz DM, Rankin RN (September 1985). "A comparison of angiography, intravenous digital subtraction angiography and duplex ultrasound in the diagnosis of carotid artery atherosclerosis". J Can Assoc Radiol. 36 (3): 200–8. PMID 3900078.
  9. Sam, Amir H.; James T.H. Teo (2010). Rapid Medicine. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1405183233.
  10. R. Herzig; S. Burval; B. Krupka; I. Vlachova; K. Urbanek; J. Mares (2004). "Comparison of ultrasonography, CT angiography, and digital subtraction angiography in severe carotid stenoses" (PDF). European Journal of Neurology. 11: 774–5. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00878.x. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  11. Newton, Carter (11 May 2010). "Comparing CTA and MRA". Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiology. Scranton Gillette Communications. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  12. Hartung, Michael P; Grist, Thomas M; François, Christopher J (2011). "Magnetic resonance angiography: current status and future directions". Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 13 (1): 19. doi:10.1186/1532-429X-13-19. PMC 3060856. PMID 21388544.

Further reading
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