Devon Great Consols

Devon Great Consols was a copper mine near Tavistock in Devon. The lease on the site was taken from the Duke of Bedford in 1844 by a group of investors. The 1,024 shares, sold at one pound each, were divided among the six men. Earlier attempts to mine this property had all ended in failure.

Disused mineworkings in 1978

Work at the site began in August of the same year, when it was known as North Bedford Mines or Wheal Maria. By November 1844, a rich vein of copper ore was discovered at a depth of 20 fathoms under ground. After learning that the copper lode extended eastward for over two miles, the company quickly began opening other mines on its property.

In the first six years of operation, nearly 90,000 tons of copper had come from Devon Great Consols. The mine was so productive, transport by horse and wagon could no longer handle the volume of copper it sent to the docks at Morwellham Quay. The company built its own railway, the Devon Great Consols Railway, to get its product to market; it was also necessary for the firm to build a Great Dock and Morwellham Quay because of the amount of copper it had to ship.

It was once viewed as the most productive copper mine in the world. When cheaper sources of copper became available from abroad the company began refining arsenic in 1867 and was considered to be its largest producer in the 19th century.

History

The counties of Devon and Cornwall were at their height of copper production in the early to mid 19th century. While there were many very productive mines in existence for some time, speculation was active in the establishment of new ones. The attraction of copper mining was the ability to make large profits from small investments, but for every new mine which proved successful, there were countless others which failed.[1] Previous attempts at mining the property which became Devon Great Consols had ended in failure.[2]

World's most productive copper mine

Led by Josiah Hugh Hitchens, a group of six[3] investors who were comfortable with the risks in establishing a new copper mine, agreed to fund the project with £1,024.[4] The group met with the Duke of Bedford's land agent and signed a lease for the property on 26 July 1844.[5][6] Among those investing was William Morris, Sr.; his son, William Morris, served as the director of the company from 1871 to 1875.[7][8]

The 21-year lease for the mine called for royalties to be increased at the time the mine made a profit. The mine was first named Wheal Maria ( Wheal is Cornish language for 'a place of work' often applied to mines in West Devon & Cornwall) , for the Duke of Bedford's wife. Work began at the site in August 1844. By November 1844, a rich copper lode was discovered at the depth of 20 fathoms below ground. It was determined that the lode was at least 40 feet wide and extended eastward for more than two miles. The company rapidly opened other mines in the vicinity: Wheal Anna Maria, Wheal Fanny, Wheal Emma and Wheal Josiah among them.[9]

By 1847, steam engines were in use at the mine, but the cost of their operation became a concern. A plan was devised to cut costs by using water power. The company received permission to utilize the River Tamar by way of constructing leats in 1849. Three large leats were built to divert water from the river to the mine; 33 wheels at the mine were powered in this way.[10] The company became the Devonshire Great Consolidated Copper Mining Company or Devon Great Consols on 25 March 1845.[9] In the first six years of operation, the investors extracted and sold close to 90,000 tons of copper; the Duke received £44,000 in royalties, with the investors earning £207,000. 1,024 shares were sold and shareholders received over £200 for each share of stock held; the value of shares in the mine continued to rise over time.[11] The shares were sold in 1844 for one pound per share. By 1864, the total dividends paid to shareholders was £818,824.[12] The mine was 200 fathoms deep and employed 1,284 people in 1864. Of these 861 were men, 203 were boys; there were 220 female workers.[12] The mine was considered to be the most productive copper mine in the world circa 1864.[13]

One of the company's locomotives at Devon Great Consols

Because of the amount of ore the mine produced, transporting it by horse and wagon soon proved inefficient. The company built its own five mile railway with completion in November 1858; this linked the mine with Morwellham Quay for the export of ores.[14][15][16] It was the only mine to have its own railway.[10] In time, the rail line was extended to the Wheal Josiah and Bedford United mines.[14] Devon Great Consols owned three locomotives and 60 wagons which both transported ore to Morwellham Quay and brought needed equipment and supplies such as coal, to the mine.[16][17] An average run from the mine to Morwellham Quay consisted of 8 to 10 wagons of ore.[14]

The railway was closed when the mine stopped production. Most of the track was removed and sold as scrap after the mine was closed in 1903. Some track was re-laid and some portions of the line were re-opened in the 1920s. Rail connections to Bedford United mine, Wheal Anna Maria and to the arsenic works were restored, however with narrow gauge track replacing the original standard gauge. The rail line between Devon Great Consols and Wheal Emma was never disturbed. A later connection between Wheal Fanny and the new arsenic works was created circa 1920s.[14] Much of what remains of the railway and its associated structures have scheduled monument status.[14]

Worker at arsenic works

Since the mine was so productive, it was necessary for the company to build its own facilities at Morwellham Quay to handle the ore.[18] Between 1856 and 1858, the mining company built its own Great Dock and quay at Morwellham.[19] The company had built its railway with an incline for its last half-mile to the quay at Morwellham. Cars were lowered two at a time onto the incline where the power to move them on came from a steam engine. They passed through a tunnel and onto viaducts built on the quay.[14][19] After the mine's closure, the track was removed and the tunnel infilled; this was partially restored in 2007. The engine house and associated structures survive, as does the incline.[14][19] The Devon Great Consols dock was restored in the latter part of the 20th century with the bollards and portions of a crane from the quay surviving. Most of the structures have scheduled monument status.[14][19]

Copper gives way to arsenic

By 1884, the quality of the copper ore produced at Devon Great Consols was poor, yielding more arsenic than copper. After being sorted by the mine's bal maidens, the copper ore was sent to south Wales to be smelted.[20] The company began exploring the possibility of tin deposits at the mine but found none.[21][lower-alpha 1]

Arsenic works

As cheaper copper imports and the declining quality of its copper ore began to affect the profit of Devon Great Consols, the company found a new source of income to replace its copper mining; the mine scrap was able to be used for extraction of arsenic. Prior to this, arsenic was imported from Germany. Devon Great Consols expanded into arsenic production beginning in 1867. The company's arsenic facilities extended over eight acres; it was the largest arsenic producer in the world during the 19th century.[20][23]

The works at Devon Great Consols now made Britain the world's largest arsenic producer; the mine produced more than half of the total output in Britain.[24][25] The mine's high quality product was in demand by industry both at home and abroad; production was only limited by the need to sustain market prices for arsenic.[25][24] There were about 700 persons still working at the mine in 1893.[26]

The mine fell victim to low prices for arsenic and a need for capital for both improvements and exploration.[27][22] The proposal was brought to the shareholders in July 1902, but was met with failure. The company was last able to pay a dividend to shareholders in June 1899. Despite this, the Duke of Bedford renewed the lease on the land, giving the company an opportunity to recover from its losses,[28] The mine was abandoned in 1903, with the equipment being sold off in May of that year.[22][27] During its 60 years in business, Devon Great Consols produced some 700,000 tons of copper and 72,000 tons of refined arsenic.[29]

Post-closure
Former trackbed of the Devon Great Consols railway

By 1905, the mine property had reverted to the Duke of Bedford and an attempt to clean up the site had begun. The chimney and arsenic collecting flues were destroyed with dynamite and men were chipping arsenic soot from the fallen bricks.[30] The site was active again for a period of time during World War I when arsenic was needed to produce blister gas.[24][lower-alpha 2] During this time, tin and tungsten ore was also mined. The post-war slump brought an end to mining tungsten and tin at Devon Great Consols, but arsenic production continued until 1930.[10][lower-alpha 3] Some copper precipitation and ochre recovery took place at the mine at the midpoint of the 20th century and a small mill was built for the purpose of treating the site's dump ore,[10][32]

The mine is now part of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage site and has been open to the public since 2009.[33][18] Three of the mine captain's houses became Grade II Listed Buildings on 13 January 1986.[34][35][36] The original arsenic works and cottages at Wheal Josiah became Grade II Listed buildings on 23 January 1987.[31][37] The 20th century arsenic works became a scheduled monument on 24 July 2002.[32] In 2007, £7 million was received for restoration work of the early 20th century arsenic refinery; the work at the site continued into 2014.[38][39] The land around the mine is still heavily contaminated.[18]. In 2020, a study by the University of Plymouth found that arsenic concentrations across 98 locations at Devon Great Consuls were higher than prescribed Category 4 Screening Levels, and suggested whether stricter controls were required to ensure the safety of the general public who access the site. [40]

Notes
  1. It was suggested that large quantities of tin ore may have been found through deeper exploration. From time to time, small quantities of tin had been discovered in various areas of the mine and were sold. It was also noted that the refined "dredge arsenic" still contained a small amount of copper. Traces of gold, silver and tin were also found in this dredge material. The New Great Consols across the river from Devon Great Consols, had procedures in place to utilise these trace findings; Devon Great Consols did not.[22]
  2. During World War I, ore was once again brought from the mine, but the raw ore was taken to Cornwall for further processing.[31]
  3. When it was decided to return to arsenic mining and processing on a small scale prior to 1930, a new processing plant was built.[31]
gollark: They are both Lua, essentially, but with different versions and APIs.
gollark: I don't trust wireless things much.
gollark: Also, 70kg, really?!
gollark: Why doesn't it provide the terminal velocity? Utter bees.
gollark: Wait, 1.28m² surface area?!

References
  1. Harvey & Press 1996, p. 33.
  2. Benn Brothers 1893, p. 196.
  3. Leifchild 2013, p. 251.
  4. Phillips 1884, p. 149.
  5. Spago 1864, p. 113.
  6. Hervey & Press 1996, p. 35.
  7. Harvey & Press 1996, pp. 35-36.
  8. Harvey & Press 1996, p. 41.
  9. Harvey & Press 1996, p. 35.
  10. "Devon Great Consols". Cornish Mining World Heritage Site. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  11. Spago 1864, pp. 113-115.
  12. Spago 1864, p. 115.
  13. Spago 1864, p. xxii.
  14. "Devon Great Consols Railway". Heritage Gateway.org. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  15. Historic England. "Morewellham Quay (1021461)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  16. Locomotive, Railway Carriage and Wagon Review 1903, pp. 81-82.
  17. St John Thomas 1975, p. 128.
  18. "Devon Great Consols" (PDF). County of Devon. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  19. Historic England. "Morwellham Quay (1021461)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  20. The Living Age 1893, pp. 189-190.
  21. Phillips 1884, p. 152.
  22. Collins 1912, pp. 264-265.
  23. Cullen 2008, pp. 124-125.
  24. Emsley 2006, p. 122.
  25. "Devon Great Consols Copper Mine". aditnow.co.uk. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  26. Murray 1893, p. 222.
  27. House of Commons 1903, p. 28.
  28. Locomotive, Railway Carriage and Wagon Review 1903, p. 81.
  29. Cullen 2008, p. 125.
  30. House of Commons 1905, p. 38.
  31. Historic England. "Early 20th century arsenic works at the Devon Great Consols mine (1020328)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  32. Historic England. "Arsenic Works, Flues and Chimney (1326268)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  33. "Cornish Mining World Heritage Site". Cornish Mining World Heritage Site. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  34. Historic England. "Wheal Anna Maria Houses (1105700)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  35. Historic England. "Tree View (1105699)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  36. Historic England. "Woodland View (1105702)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  37. Historic England. "Wheal Josaih Cottages (1105701)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  38. "Conservation at Devon Great Consols" (PDF). Cornish Mining. Cornish Mining UK: 3–4. August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  39. "Tamar Valley Mining Heritage Project". Tamar Valley org.uk. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2016.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  40. https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/news/study-shows-potentially-harmful-arsenic-levels-at-popular-former-mining-works

Sources

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