Dervish Cara

Dervish Cara was an Albanian revolutionary leader known for his role in the Albanian Revolt of 1844, a revolt also known by his name as "the Uprising of Dervish Cara".

Dervish Cara
Dervish Carë
Born	Early 19th century Palçishte, Kalkandelen, Ottoman Empire
Died	Late 19th century Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Nationality	Albanian
Occupation	Revolutionary
Known for	Leader of the Albanian Revolt of 1843–1844. Also known as the Uprising of Dervish Cara[1][2]
Movement	Albanian National Awakening
Opponent(s)	Ottoman Empire
Criminal charge(s)	High treason against Sultan Abdülmecid I
Criminal penalty	Sentenced to death; later reduced to lifetime imprisonment

Biography

Background

Dervish Cara was born in Palçishte, Kalkandelen (present-day Tetovo). He was a quiet villager and hails from the Carë clan from the Šar Mountains.

Tanzimat reforms

Tanzimât emerged from the minds of reformist sultans Mahmud II and his son, sultan Abdülmecid I. It aimed to modernize the Ottoman Empire by introducing European-inspired reforms. Most importantly, it involved a centralization and streamlining of the administration and military. This hurt the old-established feudal order among the Empire's Muslim communities, and especially the various local leaders who had exercised considerable regional authority and often enjoyed wide-ranging autonomy from the imperial government.

The Tanzimat reforms caused the uprising as the new reforms began the arresting and liquidation of the local Albanophone pashas, most notably that of Abdurrahman Pasha of Kalkandelen and his two brothers, Havzi Pasha of Uskub (present-day Skopje), who later died in prison, and Hussein Pasha of Kustendil (present-day Kyustendil).

The revolt

Dervish Cara began his revolt when he and his rebel army seized Gostivar from Ottoman control in November and began directing his forces towards Kalkandelen (modern day Tetovo). The fight for full occupation of Kalkandelen lasted three weeks, at the end of December to the beginning of January, 1844.

Kalkandelen became the center of the uprising, turning the Arabati Baba Teḱe into the headquarters of the insurgents and using the Baltepes fortress to defend the town. After being reinforced in Gostivar and Tetovo, Cara sent messengers to the pashas of Debre, Prizren, Priştine and Vranje, but at the same time preparing for attack against Uskub, where he knew that there were supporters of his movement. In February 1844, the rebels attacked and seized Uskub.[3][4]

A Great Council was formed and led by Dervish Cara, which was the supreme body of the newly created administration in the liberated territories. In February 1844 the rebels liberated Kumanovo. After Kumonovo the rebels liberated Preshevo, Bujanovc, Vranje, Leskofça and other territories in North Kosovo. The rebellion was spread out in İpek, Yakova, Prizren and İşkodra, while in the spring of 1844 the territory of the rebellion was from Ohri and Manastır in the south, İşkodra in west, North Kosovo in North and Kumanovo in east.[2] The rebels sent a letter to the Albanians of Sanjak of Yanina recalling them brothers and asking them not to fight for the Ottoman army.[5]

During a brief pause in the fighting, the Sublime Porte tried to end the rebellion through negotiations. Dervish Cara requested that Albanians be exempt from the law of the Ottoman army, under which all Muslims were forced to serve in the regular army (Nizam); stop the replacement of Ottoman local government officials (who were Albanians or spoke Albanian) with Turkish officials brought from Anatolia, who knew neither the language and customs; and the recognition of Albanian autonomy within the Ottoman Empire, as was recognized the autonomy of Serbia in 1830.[5] The Sublime Porte did not accept the terms and countered with their own. They offered that amnesty would be given to the rebels as well as abolishment of the new taxes and the postponement of the recruitment process which would become voluntary in the future. However, the rebels must hand over their armaments to the Ottoman commander in chief Omer Pasha and no Albanian autonomy with in the empire.[5] Cara refused the offer and fighting resumed.

During negotiations Omer Pasha, Governor of Lebanon, led an army of 30000 men towards Monastir. The first resistance to Omer Pasha's forces was in Kicevo, though resistance did not last as Ottoman forces pushed back the rebels into their strongholds in Uskub, Kumanovo and Kalkandelen.[2] After Gostivar fell, Omer Pasha directed all forces to Kalandelen to crush the rebellion. As to not underestimate Dervish Cara and his feats, Omar Pasha armed his forces with heavy artillery and shelled the stronghold. The battle lasted from May to September 1844, resulting in the capture of Kalkandelen and Dervish Cara.[2]

The aftermath

Dervish Cara was sentenced to death by the Ottoman Porte, but the sentence was later reduced to a lifetime sentence. He died in the Ottoman prisons.[6]

Legacy

Dervish Cara inspired the rebels in Debar and İşkodra to continue. A school is named after him in Palcište and the work of paving the road “Dervish Cara” has started in Tetovo.[7] In a bid to rename many streets in Macedonia's capital, Skopje, Dervish Cara name has been suggested by the Albanian political parties.[8]

References

1. The Albanians: a modern history Author Miranda Vickers Edition 3, revised, illustrated, reprint Publisher I.B.Tauris, 1999 ISBN 1860645410, 9781860645419 p.25
2. Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung Volume 140 of Südosteuropäische Arbeiten Authors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Editors Oliver Jens Schmitt, Eva Anne Frantz Publisher Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2009 ISBN 3486589806, 9783486589801 p. 168
3. Nacional Albania. "Serbs accepted that Dervish Cara liberated Skopje". Retrieved 16 April 2012.
4. Srbski novine. "Arnautlija". Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
5. La Question Nationale En Europe Du Sud-Est: Genese, Emergence Et Développement de L'Identite Nationale Albanaise Au Kosovo Et En Macedoine Author Bashkim Iseni Publisher Peter Lang, 2008 ISBN 3039113208, 9783039113200 p.176
6. Studia Albanica, Volume 26 Authors Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës. Instituti i Historisë (Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë), Publisher L'Institut, 1989
7. "Tetovo". Archived from the original on 2010-11-06. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
8. Sinisa Jakov Marusic. "Opposition Seeks Court Ruling on Skopje Street Names". Retrieved 16 April 2012.