Delta Capricorni

Delta Capricorni (δ Capricorni, abbreviated Del Cap or δ Cap) is a multiple star system about 39 light-years away in the constellation of Capricornus (the Sea Goat). The primary star in the system is a white giant and the combined light of its members makes it the brightest star in the constellation.

δ Capricorni
Location of δ Capricorni (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0
Constellation Capricornus
Right ascension  21h 47m 02.44424s[1]
Declination −16° 07′ 38.2335″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 2.81[2] (2.81 (- 2.90) - 3.05)[3]
Characteristics
Spectral type A7m III[2] (kA5hF0mF2III)[4]
U−B color index +0.07[5]
B−V color index +0.31[5]
Variable type Eclipsing binary (Algol-type)[3]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−6.3[6] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: +261.70[1] mas/yr
Dec.: -296.70[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)84.27 ± 0.19[1] mas
Distance38.70 ± 0.09 ly
(11.87 ± 0.03 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)+2.48[7]
Orbit[8]
Period (P)1.0227683 days
Eccentricity (e)0 (assumed)
Inclination (i)72.5°
Periastron epoch (T)2,448,105.793 ± 0.003 HJD
Semi-amplitude (K1)
(primary)		75.3 ± 1.0 km/s
Details
δ Cap A
Mass2.0[8] M☉
Radius1.91[8] R☉
Luminosity8.5[7] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)3.66[9] cgs
Temperature7,301[9] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]–0.13[9] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)105[10] km/s
δ Cap B
Mass0.73[8] M☉
Radius0.9[8] R☉
Temperature4,500[8] K
Other designations
Deneb Algedi (or Deneb Algiedi), Scheddi, δ Cap, 49 Capricorni, ADS 15314, BD−16 5943, FK5 819, GCTP 5258.00, GJ 837, HD 207098, HIP 107556, HR 8322, SAO 164644, WDS 21470-1608.[11]
Database references
SIMBADdata

The system consists of an eclipsing binary,[12] Delta Capricorni A, and two companion stars, B and C.[13] A's two components are themselves designated Delta Capricorni Aa (formally named Deneb Algedi /ˌdɛnɛb ælˈdʒiːdiː/, the traditional name of the system)[14][15] and Ab.

Delta Capricorni is 2.6 degrees south of the ecliptic and can be occulted by the Moon, and (rarely) by planets.

Nomenclature

δ Capricorni (Latinised to Delta Capricorni) is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the three constituents as Delta Capricorni A, B and C, and those of A's components – Delta Capricorni Aa and Ab – derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).[16]

The system bore the traditional names Deneb Algedi, derived from the Arabic ذنب الجدي (ðanab al-jady), meaning "the tail of the goat", referring to the fishlike tail of the celestial sea-goat Capricorn, and Scheddi.[17][18] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[19] to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems.[20] It approved the name Deneb Algedi for the component Delta Capricornii Aa on February 1, 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.[15]

In Chinese astronomy, Delta Capricorni is known as 壘壁陣四 (Lěi Bì Zhèn sì), meaning 'The Fourth Star of the Line of Ramparts'.[21] This refers to its presence among an asterism known as 'The Line of Ramparts', which also includes Kappa Capricorni, Epsilon Capricorni, Gamma Capricorni, Iota Aquarii, Lambda Aquarii, Sigma Aquarii, Phi Aquarii, 27 Piscium, 29 Piscium, 33 Piscium and 30 Piscium.[22]

Observational history

In 1906 astronomer Vesto Slipher of Lowell Observatory discovered that Delta Capricorni A was a spectroscopic binary.[23] The orbit was determined in 1921 by Clifford Crump using 69 radial velocity measurements obtained at Yerkes Observatory.[24] However the eclipsing binary nature of the system was not discovered until 1956 by Olin J. Eggen at Lick Observatory.[25]

Lunar occultations have been observed in 1951, 1962, and 1988.[26][27][28]

Delta Capricorni was recognised as a metallic-line star in 1957 and included in a 1958 catalog of magnetic stars.[29][30] It has also been associated with extreme ultraviolet and radio sources, believed to be from coronal activity in the secondary star.[31]

Stellar system

Delta Capricorni A is an Algol-type eclipsing binary star, with an orbital period of 1.022768 days and an inclination close to the line of sight from the Earth.[12] The peak apparent visual magnitude of the pair is 2.81. During an eclipse of the primary, this magnitude drops by 0.24. When the primary is eclipsing the secondary, the magnitude decreases by 0.09.[2]

Delta Capricorni A has an overall stellar classification of A7m III, indicating that it is a giant star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. More specifically, this is a chemically-peculiar Am star with a spectral type of kA5hF0mF2 III under the revised MK system.[4] This notation indicates that the calcium K-line matches the temperature of an A5 star, the hydrogen spectral type matches an F0 star, and the metallic absorption lines match an F2 star.[9]

In the past this star was suspected of being a Delta Scuti variable, which is rare for an Am star. This categorization was brought into question during observations in 1994 and it is most likely not inherently variable.[31] The primary has double the Sun's mass and nearly twice its radius.[8] It is rotating rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 105 km s−1.[10] (This rotation rate is synchronous with the orbital period.) Note that it is unusual for an Am star to have such a high rotational velocity.[31] The outer envelope of the star is radiating energy at an effective temperature of 7,301 K,[9] giving it the white-hued glow of an A-type star.[32] The secondary component is a G-type or K-type star with around 90% of the mass of the Sun.[8]

There are two optical companions. A fifteenth magnitude star is one arcminute away, and a thirteenth magnitude star is over two arcminutes away from the primary star and that distance is increasing.[33]

In culture

According to astrology, Delta Capricorni's representation of a flexible tail is reflected in its association with both good and bad fortune alike.[34] It was one of the fifteen Behenian stars of medieval astrology, associated with chalcedony, marjoram and the kabbalistic symbol .

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See also

References
  1. van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007), "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 474 (2): 653–664, arXiv:0708.1752, Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357
  2. Malkov, O. Yu.; et al. (February 2006), "A catalogue of eclipsing variables" (PDF), Astronomy and Astrophysics, 446 (2): 785–789, Bibcode:2006A&A...446..785M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053137
  3. Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
  4. Gray, R. O.; et al. (October 2003), "Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I.", The Astronomical Journal, 126 (4): 2048–2059, arXiv:astro-ph/0308182, Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048G, doi:10.1086/378365
  5. Feinstein, A. (November 1974), "Photoelectric UBVRI observations of AM stars", Astronomical Journal, 79: 1290, Bibcode:1974AJ.....79.1290F, doi:10.1086/111675
  6. Wilson, Ralph Elmer (1953). "General Catalogue of Stellar Radial Velocities". Carnegie Institute Washington D.c. Publication. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington. Bibcode:1953GCRV..C......0W.
  7. Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012), "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation", Astronomy Letters, 38 (5): 331, arXiv:1108.4971, Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A, doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015.
  8. Batten, A. H.; Fletcher, J. M. (April 1992), "A new spectroscopic orbit for Delta Capricorni", Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 86 (2): 99–109, Bibcode:1992JRASC..86...99B
  9. Trilling, D. E.; et al. (April 2007), "Debris disks in main-sequence binary systems", The Astrophysical Journal, 658 (2): 1264–1288, arXiv:astro-ph/0612029, Bibcode:2007ApJ...658.1289T, doi:10.1086/511668. See p. 33.
  10. Royer, F.; et al. (October 2002), "Rotational velocities of A-type stars in the northern hemisphere. II. Measurement of v sin i", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 393 (3): 897–911, arXiv:astro-ph/0205255, Bibcode:2002A&A...393..897R, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020943
  11. "del Cap -- Eclipsing binary of Algol type", SIMBAD, Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg, retrieved 2012-02-06
  12. Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 389 (2): 869–879. arXiv:0806.2878. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x.
  13. "Washington Double Star Catalog". United States Naval Observatory. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  14. Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd rev. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Pub. ISBN 978-1-931559-44-7.
  15. "Naming Stars". IAU.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  16. Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. (2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 [astro-ph.SR].
  17. Allen, Richard Hinckley (1963). Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning. Dover. p. 141. ISBN 0-486-21079-0.
  18. Bakich, Michael E (1995). The Cambridge Guide to the Constellations. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-521-44921-9.
  19. "International Astronomical Union | IAU". www.iau.org. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
  20. "WG Triennial Report (2015–2018) – Star Names" (PDF). p. 5. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  21. 香港太空館 - 研究資源 - 亮星中英對照表 Archived September 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Hong Kong Space Museum. Accessed on line November 23, 2010.
  22. (in Chinese) 中國星座神話, written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, ISBN 978-986-7332-25-7.(in Chinese)
  23. Slipher, V. M. (1906). "Variable radial velocity of delta Capricorni". The Astrophysical Journal. 24: 361. Bibcode:1906ApJ....24..361S. doi:10.1086/141403.
  24. Crump, C. C. (1921). "The orbit of 49 delta Capricorni". The Astrophysical Journal. 54: 127–132. Bibcode:1921ApJ....54..127C. doi:10.1086/142630.
  25. Eggen, Olin J. (1956). "Two New Bright Variable Stars: δ Delphini and δ Capricorni". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 68 (405): 541–544. Bibcode:1956PASP...68..541E. doi:10.1086/126996.
  26. Novák, K (1954). "Observations of Occultations in the Years 1951 and 1952". Bulletin of the Astronomical Institute of Czechoslovakia. 5: 42. Bibcode:1954BAICz...5...42N.
  27. Antal, M (1964). "Observations of occultations at the observatory Skalnaté Pleso in the year 1962". Bulletin of the Astronomical Institute of Czechoslovakia. 15: 77. Bibcode:1964BAICz..15...77A.
  28. Schmidtke, P. C; Africano, J. L (2011). "KPNO Lunar Occultation Summary. III". The Astronomical Journal. 141 (1): 10. Bibcode:2011AJ....141...10S. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/1/10.
  29. Jaschek-Corvalan, M; Jaschek, C. O (1957). "Absolute magnitudes, colors, masses and duplicity of the metallic-line stars". Astronomical Journal. 62: 343. Bibcode:1957AJ.....62..343J. doi:10.1086/107549.
  30. Babcock, Horace W (1958). "A Catalog of Magnetic Stars". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 3: 141. Bibcode:1958ApJS....3..141B. doi:10.1086/190035.
  31. Lloyd, C.; Wonnacott, D. (January 1994), "Is the ROSAT Wide Field Camera EUV source and AM eclipsing binary, Delta Capricorni, also a Delta Scuti variable?", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 266: L13–L16, Bibcode:1994MNRAS.266L..13L, doi:10.1093/mnras/266.1.l13
  32. "The Colour of Stars", Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, December 21, 2004, archived from the original on 2012-03-18, retrieved 2012-01-16
  33. Mason, Brian D.; Wycoff, Gary L.; Hartkopf, William I.; Douglass, Geoffrey G.; Worley, Charles E. (2001). "The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The Washington Double Star Catalog". The Astronomical Journal. 122 (6): 3466. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M. doi:10.1086/323920.
  34. Wright, Anne (2003), The Fixed Stars: Deneb Algedi, archived from the original on June 16, 2005, retrieved July 28, 2005

Further reading
  • Malasan, H. L.; et al. (1989). "Delta Capricorni – an evolved binary or a main-sequence binary?". Astronomical Journal. 97: 499–504. Bibcode:1989AJ.....97..499M. doi:10.1086/114999.
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