Delivery drone

A delivery drone is an autonomous vehicle, often an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), used to transport packages, food or other goods.

Types of deliveries

In healthcare
The RQ-7 Shadow is capable of delivering a 20 lb (9.1 kg) "Quick-MEDS" canister to front-line troops.
In December 2013, the DHL parcel service subsidiary of Deutsche Post AG tested a "microdrones md4-1000" for delivery of medicine.

UAVs can transport medicines and vaccines, and retrieve medical samples, into and out of remote or otherwise inaccessible regions.[1]

  • 2014, a Dutch student created a prototype 'Ambulance drone' which would be capable of rapidly delivering defibrillators and include live stream communication capability allowing paramedics to remotely observe and instruct on-scene individuals in how to use the defibrillators.[2]
  • July 2015, the FAA granted NASA, the drone delivery company Flirtey and Virginia Tech approval to deliver medicine to a rural Virginia medical clinic.[3] Flirtey also made the first fully autonomous FAA-approved urban delivery in March 2016, when it delivered bottled water, emergency food, and a first aid kit to an uninhabited residential area in Hawthorne, Nevada.[4]
  • 2016, the Rwandan government partnered with the company Zipline International Inc. to build a distribution center near the town of Muhanga, from which the company's drones are used to deliver blood and pharmaceutical products to 21 facilities.[5][6]
  • March 2017, the company Matternet partnered with the Swiss Post to launch the first medical drone delivery network in Switzerland.[7]
  • October 2017, REMSA Health, an ambulance and emergency service provider, partnered with Flirtey, to dispatch portable defibrillators when 911 callers report cardiac arrest symptoms in Northern Nevada.[8]
  • December 2018, Swoop Aero, an Australian drone logistics company, partnered with UNICEF and the Vanuatu Ministry of Health to deliver vaccines in remote areas of the Pacific island nation. A baby on Erromango island became the first person in the world to receive a vaccine delivered by commercial drone.[9]
  • June 2019, Drone Delivery Canada conducted a pilot with Peel Region Paramedics and showed a 100% success rate, proving that Drone Delivery Canada's proprietary logistics system is able to reduce the response times as compared to ground ambulance and can enable first responders with a potentially life saving drone technology. [10]
  • August 2019, Swoop Aero partnered with the NGOs VillageReach and GAVI to deliver vaccines in the Equateur province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[11]
  • October 2019, CVS, a nation-wide drug store and pharmacy chain, is partnering with UPS, to make drone deliveries for shuttling medical samples. The packages will be up to five pounds and will be left on a back yard.[12]

Food delivery
In 2017 drone delivery startup Flytrex deployed a commercial drone delivery route in Iceland's capital, Reykjavik

Early prototypes of food delivery drones include the Tacocopter demonstration by Star Simpson, which was a taco delivery concept utilizing a smartphone app to order drone-delivered tacos in San Francisco area.[13] The revelation that it didn't exist as a delivery system or app led to it being labelled a hoax.[13][14][15]A similar concept named the "burrito bomber" was tested in 2012.[16] That same year, a Free University of Berlin student project examined the use of drones for pizza delivery. In 2013, as part of an advertising campaign, an independent Domino's UK franchise tested the Domicopter. Similar flights were conducted in India and Russia, but lacked regulatory approval.[17]

A partnership between 7-Eleven and Flirtey resulted in the first FAA-approved delivery to a residence in the United States in July 2016.[18] The following month, the company partnered with Domino's in New Zealand to launch the first commercial drone delivery service.[17][19]

Marriott International used drones to deliver cocktails and drinks to the tables of guests at multiple properties in 2017 including the Marriott Marquis Hotel in Chicago, IL.[20] The hotel chain formed a partnership with DJI in 2016, and used the company's drones for its indoor drink delivery.[21]

Postal deliveries

Different postal companies from Australia, Switzerland, Germany, Singapore and Ukraine have undertaken various drone trials as they test the feasibility and profitability of unmanned delivery drone services.[22] The USPS has been testing delivery systems[23] with HorseFly Drones.

Legislation
Further information: Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles

In February 2014, the prime minister and cabinet affairs minister of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) announced that the UAE planned to launch a fleet of UAVs for civilian purposes.[24] Plans were for the UAVs to use fingerprint and eye-recognition systems to deliver official documents such as passports, ID cards and licenses, and supply emergency services at accidents. A battery-powered prototype four-rotor UAV about half a meter across was displayed in Dubai.[25]

In the United States, initial attempts at commercial use of UAVs were blocked by FAA regulation. In June 2014, the FAA published a document that listed activities not permitted under its regulations, including commercial use, which the organization stated included "delivering packages to people for a fee" or offered as part of a "purchase or another offer."[26] In August 2016, updated FAA rules were enacted. The new rules included guidelines for commercial use of small UAVs stating they must weigh less than 55 lb (25 kg), fly up to a maximum of 400 feet (120 m), at a speed of no greater than 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), could only be operated during daytime, and that drone operators must also qualify for flying certificates and be at least 16-years old.[27] In June 2017, the United States Senate proposed legislation to allow package deliveries by drones.[28] In October 2017, a Presidential directive was issued that called on the FAA and Transportation Department to work with local officials to create initiatives that would enable American companies to eventually use drones for delivery purposes.[29] In December 2019, the FAA adopted a ruling requiring all unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) (drones) to be equipped with a devise to identify them citing “All UAS operating in the airspace of the United States, with very few exceptions, would be subject to the requirements of this rule".[30][31]

Experiments

2013

Amazon Prime Air – Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos' December 2013 announcement that Amazon was planning rapid delivery of lightweight commercial products using UAVs was met with skepticism, with perceived obstacles including federal and state regulatory approval, public safety, reliability, individual privacy, operator training and certification, security (hacking), payload thievery, and logistical challenges.[32]

In December 2013, in a research project of Deutsche Post AG subsidiary DHL, a sub-kilogram quantity of medicine was delivered via a prototype Microdrones "Parcelcopter", raising speculation that disaster relief may be the first place the company will use the technology.[33][34] DHL Parcelcopter is currently in trials in Germany.[35]

2014

In July 2014 it was revealed Amazon was working on its 8th and 9th drone prototypes, some that could fly 50 miles per hour and carry 5-pound packages, and had applied to the FAA to test them.[36]

In August 2014, Google revealed it had been testing UAVs in Australia for two years. The Google X program known as "Project Wing" aims to produce drones that can deliver not only products sold via e-commerce, but larger delivery items.[37]

In September 2014, FedEx was reportedly testing integration of drone delivery with their existing logistics[38] model.

In December 2014, French mail services company La Poste unveiled an experimental[39] delivery drone project.

2015

In February 2015, Hangzhou based e-commerce provider Ali Baba started[40] delivery drone service in a partnership with Shanghai YTO Express in which it delivered tea to 450 customers around select cities in China.

In March 2015, Shenzhen-based SF Express started[41] providing delivery services with Xaircraft drones in China.

On the 13th March 2015, in Sheffield, UK-based FPS Distribution completed the first commercial delivery in the United Kingdom using a UAV.[42][43]

In May 2015, CJ Express announced a partnership with the Ministry of Public Safety and Security for disaster relief, becoming the first private company in South Korea to operate delivery drones.[44]

2016

In March 2016, Flirtey conducted the first fully autonomous FAA approved drone delivery in an urban setting in the U.S.[45]

In April 2016, a joint project in Japan involving the central government, Chiba City, research institutions and companies including Rakuten was launched to trial home drone deliveries in an urban area. A similar test project was carried out in Naka, Tokushima in February 2016 as a way to facilitate shopping for people who live in a depopulated area.[46]

In Japan both the e-commerce behemoth Rakuten and retail giant AEON have undertaken package delivery tests. AEON conducted a drone delivery test which involved delivering a bottle of wine, toward targeting actual drone home delivery services for the year 2019 for Aeon Mall, the company's online shopping site. Rakuten on the other hand, which in early 2016 delivered refreshments and golf balls within a golf course, expanded upon that test service and in November 2016 performed a new test of package delivery service with upgraded capability. Making improvements over the previous test, Rakuten partnered with mobile phone company NTT DoCoMo to integrate the use of the cellular LTE network for long distance delivery capability testing. And in addition to modifications to the product ordering app and drone control dashboard, the new delivery drone included a number of performance enhancements including water-resistance, long-distance flight with fully autonomous control and was equipped with a parachute to slow the speed of the fall in an emergency, offering a greater level of safety. The delivery of cargo using the drone was carried out at the Inage Seaside Park in Chiba City, Japan and adjacent sea area.[47][48]

In December 2016, Amazon made its first drone delivery using a drone in the United Kingdom.[49]

2017

In China, JD.com has been aggressively developing its drone capabilities. As of June 2017, JD.com had seven different types of delivery drones in testing or operation across four provinces in China (Beijing, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Jiangsu). The drones are capable of delivering packages weighing between 5 and 30 kg (11 to 66 lbs) while flying up to 100 km/hr (62 mph). The drones do not deliver goods directly to people’s homes. Rather, they automatically fly along fixed routes from warehouses to special landing pads where one of JD.com’s 300,000 local contractors then delivers the packages to the customers’ doorsteps in the rural villages. The e-commerce giant is now working on a 1 metric ton (1,000 kg) delivery drone which will be tested in Shaanxi.[50]

Flytrex, an Israeli startup which specializes in developing drone delivery solutions, partnered with AHA in 2015,[51] Iceland's largest eCommerce website, and together they initiated a drone delivery route which would shorten AHA's delivery times from 30 minutes, to less than 5.[52] The system was deployed on 25 August 2017 and is now delivering food and small electronics via drones.[53]

2018

In January 2018, Boeing unveiled a prototype of a cargo drone for up to 500 lb (227 kg) payloads, an electric flying testbed that completed flight tests at the Boeing Research & Technology research center in Missouri.[54]

2019

UPS in association with Matternet started a three year medical delivery trial in Raleigh[55] At the 2019 AI conference, Amazon announced that the drone deliveries will start rolling out in select US cities within months. The service was delayed previously due to safety and regulation approvals.[56]

Commercial systems

2016

Zipline International Inc. signed a deal with the Rwandan government, allowing the construction of a medical distribution center near Muhanga.[57] Rwanda has a mountainous geography and poor road conditions making an aerial delivery system more efficient[58] as of May 2018 they had delivered over 7000 units of blood this way.[59] By January 2020 they have made over 26,500 deliveries.[60]

The design of the electric aircraft, called Zips look like small propeller airplanes,[61] enabling them to fly fast and over a long distance (typically 150 km on a single charge), in any weather short of a hurricane, they cannot independently takeoff or land instead using an Assisted take-off and for landing they use Arresting gear.

During the delivery the plane does not land, instead it drops to a low height and the package drops to the ground, slowed by a parachute-like air brake.

2018

In October 2018, Vanuatu (a Pacific island nation) awarded contracts to two companies, Swoop Aero of Melbourne, Australia, to deliver to health facilities on the Epi and the Shepherd Islands (as well as Erromango Island with vaccine delivery), and Wingcopter Holding GmbH & Co. KG of Darmstadt, Germany, to deliver vaccines to facilities on Pentecost Island.[62] Both companies use VTOL type aeroplanes that can take off and land without specialist equipment or runways.[63]

In December 2018, Kroger began delivering groceries to customers in the Scottsdale, Arizona, area using unmanned vehicles designed by Nuro.[64]

2019

In January 2019, Amazon announced its new delivery system, the Amazon Scout.[65] Postmates began delivering food in Los Angeles in 2019 with a delivery robot named Serve.[66]

Amazon decided to use drones to speed up the shipping service so that it can save time. The goal for Amazon is to deliver packages to customers within 30 minutes.[67][68] The Amazon drones are fully controlled by computers and they access GPS to deliver objects. Amazon started discussing this topic in 2013 and they have been testing it, but they are still working to demonstrate a safe operation.[69]

By February 2019, Zipline International has delivered over 10,000 packages in Rwanda. The company now runs two distribution centers (one in Muhanga and another in Kayonza, Eastern of Rwanda), where they plan to scale up to essential emergency medicines all over the country.

On 19 April 2019,[70] a drone has flown from Saint Agnes Hospital to the University of Maryland Medical Center of Baltimore, delivering a kidney that has been successfully transplanted into a 44-year-old woman.[71]

In August 2019, Swoop Aero set up the first drone port in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and received approvals to deliver medical supplies and vaccines, as well as to transport time-sensitive test samples in the Province of Equateur. The project is being run in partnership with GAVI, VillageReach, and the DRC Ministry of Health, and will continue in 2020.[11]

Illegal deliveries

Drug cartels have used UAVs to transport contraband, sometimes using GPS-guided UAVs.[72]

From 2013 and 2015, UAVs were observed delivering items into prisons on at least four occasions in the United States while four separate but similar incidents occurred in Ireland, Britain, Australia and Canada as well. Though not a popular way of smuggling items into prisons, corrections officials state that some individuals are beginning to experiment with UAVs.[73]

In November 2013, four people in Morgan, Georgia, were arrested for allegedly attempting to smuggle contraband into Calhoun State Prison with a hexacopter.[74][75]

In 2014 a quadcopter crashed into an exercise yard of Wheatfield Prison, Dublin.[76][77][78] The quadcopter collided with wires designed to prevent helicopters landing to aid escapes, causing it to crash.[76][77][78] A package containing drugs hung from the quadcopter and was seized by prisoners before prison staff could get to it.[76][77][78]

Between 2014 and 2015, at two prisons in South Carolina, items such as drugs and cell phones were flown into the area by UAVs with authorities and one prison not knowing how many deliveries were successful before gaining the attention of authorities.[73]

Mechanical System

A common configuration of a delivery drone is an octocopter, which is a drone that carries 8 motors. This provides enough power for the drone and good balance with respect to its weight. There are many sensors in the drone which are necessary for it to fly correctly. Tilt sensors such as an accelerometer help the drone remain in flight by making small adjustments to the motor thrust to allow it to recover from air currents or extreme maneuvers. Navigation sensors such as a GPS or magnetic sensors aid in the navigation of the drone by measuring the drone's location and orientation with respect to the ground. These sensors are also necessary for the drone to fly to the correct destination to drop off the object it is delivering. Airflow sensors allow drones to detect change in air temperature, air speed, or wind currents, and that information balances the circuits to make the drone's flight more stable.

Delivery drones need powerful motors which are necessary for the drone to fly effectively. Brushless DC motors are used in drones because they are cheap, lightweight, powerful, and small. The rotor blades of the drone turn at very high speeds, so the optimal material used for these rotor blades maximizes the strength to weight ratio. Some are made from carbon-fiber reinforced composites while others are made of thermoplastics because they are cheaper so the cost of replacement when the drone crashes is smaller. Lithium ion batteries are used in most drones because they offer enough energy and power, and they are relatively light so they do not weigh down the drone too much

gollark: https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033424/https://standards.cta.tech/kwspub/published_docs/CTA-861-G_FINAL_revised_2017.pdf
gollark: You can have the SBC transmit different *modes*, then, I think each resolution/framerate/color depth/etc is given a mode number of some sort.
gollark: At worst it might be sending the wrong resolution/etc, and you can force override that.
gollark: > ballsystemlord is saying they can use different protocols that may not be supportedThis is probably inaccurate.
gollark: I don't know exactly what this graph is saying, but modern ryzens definitely have better single thread performance than older threadrippers and possibly old Intel stuff.

See also

References
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