Death of God theology

Death of God theology refers to a range of ideas by various theologians and philosophers that try to account for the rise of secularity and abandonment of traditional beliefs in God. They posit that God has either ceased to exist or in some way accounted for such a belief. Although theologians since Friedrich Nietzsche have occasionally used the phrase "God is dead" to reflect increasing unbelief in God, the concept rose to prominence in the late 1950s and 1960s, before waning again.[1] The Death of God movement is sometimes technically referred to as theothanatology, deriving from the Greek theos (God) and thanatos (death). The main proponents of this radical theology included the Christian theologians Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Van Buren, William Hamilton, John Robinson, Thomas J. J. Altizer, Mark C. Taylor, John D. Caputo, Peter Rollins, and the rabbi Richard L. Rubenstein.

History

Revisionist interpretations

The theme of God's "death" became more explicit in the theosophism of the 18th- and 19th-century mystic William Blake. In his intricately engraved illuminated books, Blake sought to throw off the dogmatism of his contemporary Christianity and, guided by a lifetime of vivid visions, examine the dark, destructive, and apocalyptic undercurrent of theology. Most notably, Blake refused to view the crucifixion of Jesus as a simple bodily death, but rather, as a kenosis, a self-emptying of God. As Altizer writes, Blake "celebrates a cosmic and historical movement of the Godhead that culminates in the death of God himself."[2]

19th-century philosophy

In the 19th century, Death of God thought entered philosophical consciousness through the work of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Drawing upon the mysticism of Jakob Böhme and the Idealism of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Hegel sought to revise Immanuel Kant's Idealism through the introduction of a dialectical methodology. Adapting this dialectic to the chief theological problem, the nature of God, Hegel argued that God (as Absolute or Father) is radically negated by the concrete incarnation of God (as Christ or Son). This negation is subsequently itself negated at the Crucifixion of Jesus, resulting in the emergence of the Holy Spirit, God as both concrete (the church) and absolute (spiritual community). In Hegelian thought, therefore, the death of God does not result in a strict negativity, but rather, permits the emergence of the full revelation of God: Absolute Consciousness.[3]

One of the more notable out of the Death of God philosophers was the German philosopher and proto-existentialist Friedrich Nietzsche, who was largely responsible for bringing the phrase "God is Dead" (German: "Gott ist tot" ) into public consciousness. This phrase first appears in The Gay Science (German: Die fröhliche Wissenschaft), in sections 108 (New Struggles), 125 (The Madman), and for a third time in section 343 (The Meaning of our Cheerfulness). It is also found in Nietzsche's work Thus Spoke Zarathustra (German: Also sprach Zarathustra), which is most responsible for popularizing the phrase. The idea is stated in "The Madman" as follows:

God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. Yet his shadow still looms. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives: who will wipe this blood off us? What water is there for us to clean ourselves? What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we have to invent? Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it?

— Nietzsche, The Gay Science, Section 125, tr. Walter Kaufmann[4]

20th-century philosophy and theology

Though he preceded the formal Death of God movement, the prominent 20th-century Protestant theologian Paul Tillich remains highly influential in the field. Drawing upon the work of Friedrich Nietzsche, Friedrich Schelling, and Jacob Boehme, Tillich developed a notion of God as the "ground of Being" and the response to nihilism.[5] Central to this notion was Tillich's rejection of traditional theism and insistence upon a "God above the God of theism." In The Courage to Be he writes:

The courage to take the anxiety of meaninglessness upon oneself is the boundary line up to which the courage to be can go. Beyond it is mere non-being. Within it all forms of courage are re-established in the power of the God above the God of theism. The courage to be is rooted in the God who appears when God has disappeared in the anxiety of doubt.[6]

In 1961, Gabriel Vahanian's The Death of God was published. Vahanian argued that modern secular culture had lost all sense of the sacred, lacking any sacramental meaning, no transcendental purpose or sense of providence. He concluded that for the modern mind "God is dead". In Vahanian's vision a transformed post-Christian and post-modern culture was needed to create a renewed experience of deity.

Altizer offered a radical theology of the death of God that drew upon William Blake, Hegelian thought and Nietzschean ideas. He conceived of theology as a form of poetry in which the immanence (presence) of God could be encountered in faith communities. However, he no longer accepted the possibility of affirming belief in a transcendent God. Altizer concluded that God had incarnated in Christ and imparted his immanent spirit which remained in the world even though Jesus was dead. Unlike Nietzsche, Altizer believed that God truly died. He was considered to be the leading exponent of the Death of God movement.

Richard L. Rubenstein represented that radical edge of Jewish thought working through the impact of the Holocaust. In a technical sense he maintained, based on the Kabbalah, that God had "died" in creating the world. However, for modern Jewish culture he argued that the death of God occurred in Auschwitz. Although the literal death of God did not occur at this point, this was the moment in time in which humanity was awakened to the idea that a theistic God may not exist. In Rubenstein's work, it was no longer possible to believe in an orthodox/traditional theistic God of the Abrahamic covenant; rather, God as a historical process.[7]

Although the direct linkage between the Lacanian-Marxist critical theory of Slavoj Žižek and Death of God thought is not immediately apparent, his explicitly Hegelian reading of Christianity, defended most conspicuously in the 2009 The Monstrosity of Christ, strongly lends itself to this tradition. Strongly influenced by both Dietrich Bonhoeffer and G.K. Chesterton, Žižek advocates a variant of christian atheism, more or less strongly depending upon context. As early as Adam Kotsko's 2008 Žižek and Theology a direct linkage between Žižek and this tradition has been maintained. Initially, reviewers vigorously rejected this connection, but following the publication of The Monstrosity of Christ as well as subsequent co-paneled sessions,[8] the direct relation between Žižek and Thomas Altizer has become clear.[9]

Theology

Secularism
See also: Current issues in secularization

Vahanian, Van Buren, and Hamilton agree that the concept of transcendence had lost any meaningful place in modern thought. According to the norms of contemporary secular modern thought, God is dead. In responding to this collapse of transcendence, Vahanian proposes a radically post-Christian alternative to traditional theism. Van Buren and Hamilton offered secular people the option of Jesus as the model human who acted in love. The encounter with the Christ of faith would be open in a church community.

God's existence

To what extent God may properly be understood as "dead" is highly debated among death of God theologians. In its strongest forms, God is said to have literally died, often as incarnated on the cross or at the moment of creation. Thomas J. J. Altizer remains the clearest proponent of this perspective. Weaker forms of this theological bent often posit this "death" as a metaphor or existential recognition of God's existence outside of (or beyond) Being.

Time magazine cover

The cover of the April 8, 1966, edition of Time magazine asked the question "Is God Dead?"[10] and the accompanying article addressed growing atheism in America at the time, as well as the growing popularity of Death of God theology.[11]

gollark: Not really.
gollark: Just update the list if it needs updating.
gollark: And consider the security implications of whatever you allow a sandbox access to *very carefully*.
gollark: But yes, for sandboxing DO NOT DO BLACKLISTING.
gollark: This isn't for sandboxing, though, just undoing what CraftOS does.

See also

Notes
  1. Gundry, S.N. "Death of God Theology" in Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, ed. Walter A. Elwell, Grand Rapids: Baker (2001), p. 327.
  2. Altizer, Thomas J.J, William Blake and the Role of Myth in the Radical Christian Vision, Religion online.
  3. Franke, William (2007). "The Deaths of God in Hegel and Nietzsche and the Crisis of Values in Secular Modernity and Post-secular Postmodernity". Religion and the Arts. 11 (2): 214–241. doi:10.1163/156852907X199170. ISSN 1079-9265.
  4. Nietzsche 1974, The Madman.
  5. Tillich 1952, pp. 156-186.
  6. Tillich 1952, p. 190.
  7. Rubenstein 1992, pp. 293–306.
  8. "Whither the 'Death of God': A Continuing Currency?", You tube (video)|format= requires |url= (help).
  9. Kotsko, Adam (2013-02-05), "And Fur Sich 'Altizer as the third rail of academic theology'", Itself (World Wide Web log)|format= requires |url= (help), Word press.
  10. "Is God Dead?", Time, April 8, 1966.
  11. McGrath 1997, p. 255.

Bibliography
Franke, William (2007). "The Deaths of God in Hegel and Nietzsche and the Crisis of Values in Secular Modernity and Post-secular Postmodernity". Religion and the Arts. 11 (2): 214–241. doi:10.1163/156852907X199170.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
McGrath, Alister (1997). Christian Theology: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1974). The Gay Science. Translated by Kaufmann, Walter. New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-39471985-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Rubenstein, Richard L. (1992). After Auschwitz: History, Theology, and Contemporary Judaism (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Tillich, Paul (1952). The Courage to Be. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30008471-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
Altizer, Thomas J. J. (1967). The Altizer-Montgomery Dialogue, a Chapter in the God is Dead Controversy. Inter-Varsity Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
 ———  (2002). The New Gospel of Christian Atheism. The Davies Group. ISBN 1-888570-65-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Altizer, J. J.; Hamilton, William (1966). Radical Theology and the Death of God. Bobbs-Merrill.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Blake, William (2001). William Blake: The Complete Illuminated Books. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-50028245-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Caputo, John D.; Vattimo, Gianni (2007). After the Death of God. Columbia University. ISBN 978-0-23114125-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hamilton, William (1994). A Quest for the Post-Historical Jesus. Continuum International publishing. ISBN 978-0-82640641-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hegel, G.W.F. (1977). Phenomenology of Spirit. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19824597-1.
Heidegger, Martin (2002). Young, Julian; Haynes, Kenneth (eds.). The Word of Nietzsche: 'God Is Dead' in Holzwege. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Ice, Jackson (1967). Carey, J. (ed.). The Death of God Debate. Westminster Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Kaufmann, Walter (1974). Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-69101983-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Montgomery, J. (1966). The 'Is God Dead?' Controversy. Zondervan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Murchland, Bernard (1967). The Meaning of the Death of God. Random House.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1977). The Portable Nietzsche. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14015062-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Pseudo-Dionysius (1988). The Complete Works. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-80912838-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Roberts, Tyler T. (1998). Contesting Spirit: Nietzsche, Affirmation, Religion. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-69105937-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Vahanian, Gabriel (1961). The Death of God: The Culture of our Post-Christian Era. George Braziller. ISBN 1-60608984-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Van Til, Cornelius (1966). Is God Dead?. Presbyterian and Reformed.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Žižek, Slavoj (2009). The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic?. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-26201271-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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