Dayal of Ternate

Dayal (born c. 1515-died 1536) was the fourth Sultan of Ternate in Maluku. He had a short and largely nominal reign between 1529 and 1533, and later tried to create an anti-Portuguese alliance among the kings in North Maluku.

Dayal
Sultan of Ternate
Reign1529–1533
PredecessorBoheyat
SuccessorTabariji
Bornc. 1515
Died1536 (aged 21)
Tidore
FatherBayan Sirrullah
MotherTidore princess
ReligionSunni Islam

Hostage with the Portuguese

Dayal was the son of Sultan Bayan Sirrullah. His mother was a daughter of Sultan al-Mansur of Tidore.[1] When his older full brother Boheyat passed away in 1529, Dayal was put on the throne. He was still adolescent, and his older half-brother Kaicili Darwis acted as regent. His time was characterized by increasing conflicts between the Ternatans and the Portuguese who kept a fot on the island and interfered indiscriminately in Ternatan politics. Like his brother before him, Dayal was kept as hostage in the fortress.[2]

Death of the regent

The Portuguese captain Jorge de Menese was known to be a rude and arrogant figure who quickly antagonized the Ternatan elite. On one occasion his soldiers foraged in Tobona village without paying for what they took. The locals attacked the soldiers and killed some of them. Menese, hearing this, ordered the Sangaji (local lord) of Tobona to be delivered to him.[3] Kaicili Darwis complied and handed over the Sangaji and two village elders, but was shocked to see the Portuguese retaliation. The two elders had their hands cut off while Menese threw the Sangaji to his mastiffs. The delinquent rushed into the sea and was drowned, taking one of the dogs with him.[4] This and similar events led to a conspiracy with the aim to expel the white foreigners, where the Sultan of Jailolo on Halmahera, Katarabumi, was involved. However, the plans leaked in the last minute through a Ternatan woman whose son had a Portuguese father. Menese immediately arrested Kaicili Darwis and two other grandees. Although their guilt was in doubt, Darwis was executed in 1530.[5]

Dayal's mother speaks out about the Portuguese injustices, from François Valentijn, Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien (1724).

Revolt

However, the Queen Mother reacted by withdrawing to a fortified place on the island, and forbade the people to deliver foodstuff to the fortress. The siege ended when a new captain, Goncalo Pereira arrived to Ternate, and a temporary reconciliation took place. Unfortunately, Pereira did not behave much better than his predecessor, and a succession of new sieges of the Portuguese fort ensued. The Ternatans temporarily allied with Tidore, Bacan and the Papuan Islands to maintain the blockade. With no hope for relief, the Portuguese had to comply and agreed to release Sultan Dayal. Thus peace was restored, but the current captain Vicente de Fonseca began to plot with the Ternatan grandee Pati Sarangi to get rid of the young sultan. Apparently, Pati Sarangi hoped to gain the throne. The plans were discovered, however, and Dayal and his mother escaped to Tidore in 1533, where his uncle Sultan Mir ruled. He later proceeded to Jailolo at safe distance from the Portuguese.[6]

Death

Now Dayal's half-brother Tabariji was enthroned. His mother was another Tidore princess, the well-known Nyaicili Boki Raja. Pati Sarangi married her and became the new regent, though he was soon deposed due to treason. Meanwhile, Dayal was active in fomenting a new alliance with the rulers of Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo, in order to regain his throne. The new Ternatan regent Samarau also sympathized with the alliance. Things looked very somber for the Portuguese who were cornered in their fortress.[7] At this moment, in 1536, a relief armada appeared from Melaka with a new captain, António Galvão. The capable Galvão, accompanied by 170 Portuguese and 120 dependents led an attack on the fortification of the four allies in Tidore. The allies were well equipped with 5-600 firearms, cuirasses, coats of mail, helmets and swords which had been taken from the Portuguese or received from the Spaniards.[8] In spite of this the invasion turned very successful, and the defenders were pushed back. Dayal fought valiantly in shining armour and a headdress with bird-of-paradise feathers, but was severely wounded and died soon after.[9] The allied kings had to agree on peace with the Portuguese.[10]

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See also

References
  1. C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. II, p. 14.
  2. Leonard Andaya (1993) The world of Maluku. Honolulu: Hawai'i University Press, p. 119.
  3. Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 119.
  4. Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990) Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 45-6.
  5. P.A. Tiele (1879-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 25-36, Part II:1, p. 9-10.
  6. Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 120-1.
  7. C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 39-40.
  8. Hubert Jacobs (1970) A treatise on the Moluccas (c. 1544). Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 241-3.
  9. Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), p. 61.
  10. C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 40.
Dayal of Ternate
Preceded by
Boheyat		 Sultan of Ternate
1529–1533		 Succeeded by
Tabariji
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