Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)

Dawn of the Dead (also known internationally as Zombi or Zombie) is a 1978 independent horror film directed and edited by George A. Romero. An international co-production between the United States and Italy, it was written by Romero in collaboration with Italian filmmaker Dario Argento, and produced by Richard P. Rubinstein and financed by Claudio Argento and Alfredo Cuomo.[5] It is the second film in Romero's Night of the Living Dead series of zombie films, and though it contains no characters or settings from the preceding film Night of the Living Dead (1968), it shows in a larger scale the effects of a zombie apocalypse on society. In the film, a phenomenon of unidentified origin has caused the reanimation of the dead, who prey on human flesh. David Emge, Ken Foree, Scott Reiniger, and Gaylen Ross star as survivors of the outbreak who barricade themselves inside a suburban shopping mall amid mass hysteria.

Dawn of the Dead
Theatrical release poster
Directed byGeorge A. Romero
Produced byRichard P. Rubinstein[1]
Written byGeorge A. Romero[1]
Starring
Music by
CinematographyMichael Gornick
Edited byGeorge A. Romero[1]
Production
company
Laurel Group Inc.[1]
Distributed byUnited Film Distribution Company[1]
Release date
  • September 1, 1978 (1978-09-01) (Italy)
  • April 19, 1979 (1979-04-19) (United States)
Running time
127 minutes[1]
Country
LanguageEnglish
Budget$1.5 million[4]
Box office$66 million

Dawn of the Dead was filmed over approximately four months, from late 1977 to early 1978, in the Pennsylvania cities of Pittsburgh and Monroeville.[6] Its primary filming location was the Monroeville Mall. The film was made on a budget estimated at $1.5 million and grossed $66 million worldwide. The film has a 93% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, which calls it "one of the most compelling and entertaining zombie films ever made" in its critical consensus.[7]

In addition to four official sequels, the film has spawned numerous parodies and pop culture references and a remake in 2004.

In 2008, Dawn of the Dead was chosen by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time, along with Night of the Living Dead.[8]

Plot

The United States is devastated by a mysterious phenomenon that reanimates recently-deceased human beings as flesh-eating zombies. Three weeks into the crisis, it has been reported that millions of people have died and reanimated despite the government's best efforts; social order is collapsing. Rural communities and the National Guard have been effective in fighting the zombie hordes in open country but urban centers are helpless and overrun.

At a television studio in Philadelphia, staff members Stephen Andrews and Francine Parker are planning to steal the station's traffic helicopter to escape the city. Police SWAT officer Roger DiMarco and his team raid a housing project where the residents are defying the martial law of delivering their dead to National Guardsmen. Some of the armed residents fight back. The raid descends into chaos when Wooley, a brutal and racist trooper, begins firing randomly at the mostly black and Latino residents before being killed himself. Other residents are killed by both the SWAT team and their own reanimated dead. During the raid, Roger meets Peter Washington, part of another SWAT team, and they partner up together. Roger tells Peter that his friend Stephen intends to flee and suggests Peter come with them. They are informed by an elderly priest of a group of zombies in the basement, which they assist in the grim job of destroying.

Later that night, Roger and Peter rendezvous with Francine and Stephen and leave Philadelphia in the helicopter. Following some close calls while stopping for fuel, the group comes across a shopping mall, which they make their sanctuary. They devise an operation to block the mall entrances with trucks to keep the undead from penetrating. Peter and Stephen also cover the access to the stairwell. During the operation, Roger has a near-death experience and becomes reckless as a result. He is soon bitten by the zombies.

After clearing the interior of zombies, the four enjoy a hedonistic lifestyle with all the goods available to them, furnishing their makeshift apartment with the mall's many commodities. Roger eventually succumbs to his wounds, reanimates and is killed by Peter. After several months, all emergency broadcast transmissions cease, suggesting that the government has collapsed and a large portion of the population has become zombies. Francine, now showing her pregnancy, presses to leave the mall. Supplies are loaded into the helicopter. Stephen also gives Francine flying lessons.

Having seen the helicopter, a nomadic biker gang, arrive to conquer the mall, destroying the barriers and allowing hundreds of zombies back inside. The looting bikers enrage Stephen and he foolishly starts a gun battle with them. Stephen is shot before being bitten by the undead. As some of the bikers are eaten by zombies, the rest retreat with their stolen goods. Now reanimated, Stephen, acting on a remnant of his memories, tears down the wall covering the stairwell and leads the undead to Francine and Peter. Peter kills Stephen while Francine escapes to the roof. Peter locks himself in a room and contemplates suicide but when zombies burst in, he has a change of heart and fights his way up to the roof, where he joins Francine. The two then fly away in the helicopter to an uncertain future, leaving the now-abandoned mall to be overrun by the zombies.

Cast

Additional cast members include: Joe Pilato as Head Officer at Police Dock, Tom Savini as Blades/Mechanic Zombie shot through glass/Zombie hit by truck, Taso Stavrakis as Sledge/Fountain Zombie/Sailor Zombie/Chestburst Zombie, Rudy Ricci as Biker leader, Fred Baker as Police Commander, Pasquale Buba as Motorcycle raider, Jim Baffico as Wooley, Rod Stouffer as Young Cop on roof and Jese Del Gre as Priest.

Production

Development

The history of Dawn of the Dead began in 1974, when George A. Romero was invited by friend Mark Mason of Oxford Development Company—who Romero knew from an acquaintance at his alma mater, Carnegie Mellon—to visit the Monroeville Mall, which Mason's company managed. After showing Romero hidden parts of the mall, during which Romero noted the bliss of the consumers, Mason jokingly suggested that someone would be able to survive in the mall should an emergency ever occur.[9] With this inspiration, Romero began to write the screenplay for the film.

Romero and his producer, Richard P. Rubinstein, were unable to procure any domestic investors for the new project. By chance, word of the sequel reached Italian horror director Dario Argento. A fan of Night of the Living Dead and an early critical proponent of the film, Argento was eager to help the horror classic receive a sequel. He met Romero and Rubinstein, helping to secure financing in exchange for international distribution rights. Argento invited Romero to Rome so he would have a change of scenery while writing the screenplay. The two could also discuss plot developments.[10] Romero was able to secure the availability of the Monroeville Mall as well as additional financing through his connections with the mall's owners at Oxford Development.[9] Once the casting was completed, principal shooting was scheduled to begin in Pennsylvania on November 13, 1977.

Filming

Principal photography for Dawn of the Living Dead (its working title at the time) began on November 13, 1977, at the Monroeville Mall in Monroeville, Pennsylvania. Use of an actual, open shopping mall during the Christmas shopping season caused numerous time constraints. Filming began nightly once the mall closed, starting at 11 PM and ending at 7 AM, when automated music came on. As December arrived, the production decided against having the crew remove and replace the Christmas decorations—a task that had proved to be too time consuming. Filming was shut down during the last three weeks of the year to avoid the possible continuity difficulties and lost shooting time. Production would resume on January 3, 1978. During the break in filming, Romero took the opportunity to begin editing his existing footage.[11]

The airfield scenes were filmed at the Harold W. Brown Memorial Airfield in Monroeville,[12] an airport located about two miles from the mall that is still in use.[13] The scenes of the group's hideout at the top of the mall were filmed on a set built at Romero's then-production company, The Latent Image.[14] The elevator shaft was located there as well, as no such area of the mall actually existed. The gun store was also not located in the mall—for filming, the crew used Firearms Unlimited, a shop that existed in the East Liberty district of Pittsburgh at the time.

Principal photography on Dawn of the Dead ended in February 1978, and Romero's process of editing would begin. By using numerous angles during the filming, Romero allowed himself an array of possibilities during editing—choosing from these many shots to reassemble into a sequence that could dictate any number of responses from the viewer simply by changing an angle or deleting or extending portions of scenes. This amount of superfluous footage is evidenced by the numerous international cuts, which in some cases affects the regional version's tone and flow.

Alternative ending

According to the original screenplay, Peter and Francine were to kill themselves, Peter by shooting himself and Fran by sticking her head into the path of the rotating main helicopter blades. The ending credits would run over a shot of the helicopter blades turning until the engine winds down, implying that the two would not have gotten far if they had chosen to escape.[15] During production it was decided to change the ending of the film.

Much of the lead-in to the two suicides remains in the film, as Francine leans out of the helicopter upon seeing the zombies approach and Peter puts a gun to his head, ready to shoot himself. An additional scene, showing a zombie having the top of its head cut off by the helicopter blades (thus foreshadowing Francine's suicide) was included early in the film. Romero has stated that the original ending was scrapped before being shot, although behind the scenes photos show the original version was at least tested. The head appliance made for Fran's suicide was instead used in the opening SWAT raid, made-up to resemble an African-American male and blown apart by a shotgun blast.[16]

Make-up and effects
An example of the bright hue of the fake blood, gray face make-up, and special effects in Dawn of the Dead.
Special effect of an exploding head during the tenement building scene

Tom Savini, who had been offered the chance to provide special effects and make-up for Romero's first zombie film, Night of the Living Dead, before being drafted into the Vietnam War, made his debut as an effects artist on Dawn of the Dead.[17] Savini had been known for his make-up in horror for some time, prior to Dawn of the Dead, and in his book explaining special effects techniques, Bizarro, explains how his time in Vietnam influenced his craft.[18] He had a crew of eight to assist in applying gray makeup to two to three hundred extras each weekend during the shoot.[19] One of his assistants during production was Joseph Pilato, who played a police captain in the film and would go on to play the lead villain in the film's sequel, Day of the Dead, Captain Henry Rhodes.[19]

The makeup for the multitudes of extras in the film was a basic blue or gray tinge to the face of each extra. Some featured zombies, who would be seen close-up or on-screen longer than others, had more time spent on their look. Many of the featured zombies became part of the fanfare, with nicknames based upon their look or activity—such as Machete Zombie,[20] Sweater Zombie,[20] and Nurse Zombie.[20] "Sweater zombie" Clayton Hill, was described by a crew member as "one of the most convincing zombies of the bunch" citing his skill at maintaining his stiff pose and rolling his eyes back into his head, including heading down the wrong way in an escalator while in character.[21]

A cast of Ross' head that was to be used in the original ending of the film (involving a suicide rather than the escape scene finally used) ended up as an exploding head during the tenement building scene. The head, filled with food scraps, was shot with an actual shotgun to get the head to explode.[17] One of the unintentional standout effects was the bright, fluorescent color of the fake blood that was used in the film. Savini was an early opponent of the blood, produced by 3M, but Romero thought it added to the film, claiming it emphasised the comic book feel of the movie.[22]

Music
See also: Dawn of the Dead (soundtracks)

The film's music varies with Romero's and Argento's cuts. For Romero's theatrical version, musical cues and selections were chosen from the De Wolfe Music Library, a compilation of stock music scores and cues. In the montage scene featuring the hunters and National Guard, the song played in the background is "'Cause I'm a Man" by the Pretty Things; the song was first released on the group's LP Electric Banana.[23] The music heard playing in a sequence in the mall and over the film's end credits is an instrumental titled "The Gonk"—a polka style tune from the De Wolfe Music Library written by Herbert Chappell, with a chorus of zombie moans added by Romero.[24]

For Argento's international cut, the Italian director used the band Goblin (incorrectly credited as "The Goblins") extensively. Goblin is a four-piece Italian band that mostly provides contract work for film soundtracks. Argento, who received a credit for original music alongside Goblin, collaborated with the group to get music for his cut of the film. Romero used three of their pieces in his theatrical release version. The Goblin score would later find its way onto a Dawn of the Dead-inspired film, Hell of the Living Dead. Many tracks would also appear in the Tsui Hark film Dangerous Encounters of the First Kind. The version of Dawn released on video in the mid-nineties under the label "Director's Cut" does not use most of the Goblin tracks, as they had not been completed at the time of that edit.

Post-production

Dawn of the Dead has received a number of re-cuts and re-edits, due mostly to Argento's rights to edit the film for international foreign language release. Romero controlled the final cut of the film for English-language territories. In addition, the film was edited further by censors or distributors in certain countries. Romero, acting as the editor for his film, completed a hasty 139-minute version of the film (now known as the Extended, or Director's Cut) for premiere at the 1978 Cannes Film Festival. This was later pared down to 127 minutes for the US theatrical release. The US theatrical cut of the film earned the taboo rating of X because of its graphic violence. Rejecting this rating, Romero and the producers chose to release the film unrated to help the film's commercial success.[25] United Film Distribution Company eventually agreed to release it domestically in the United States. The film was refused classification in Australia twice: in its theatrical release in 1978 and once again in 1979. The cuts presented to the Australian Classification Board were Argento's cut and Romero's cut, respectively. Dawn of the Dead was finally passed in the country with an R18+ rating in February 1980.[26] It was banned in Queensland until at least 1986.

Internationally, Argento controlled the Euro cut for non-English speaking countries. The version he created clocked in at 119 minutes. It included changes such as more music from Goblin than the three cuts completed by Romero, removal of some expository scenes, and a faster cutting pace. There are, however, extra lines of dialogue and gore shots that are not in either of Romero's edits.[27] It actually debuted nearly nine months before the US theatrical cut.[28] In Italy it was released under the full title Zombi: L’alba dei Morti Viventi, followed in March 1979 in France as Zombie: Le Crépuscule des Morts Vivants, in Spain as Zombi: El Regreso de los Muertos Vivientes, in the Netherlands as Zombie: In De Greep van de Zombies, in Germany by Constantin Film as Zombie, and in Denmark as Zombie: Rædslernes Morgen.[29]

Despite the various alternative versions of the film available, Dawn of the Dead was successful internationally. Its success in then-West Germany earned it the Golden Screen Award, given to films that have at least three million admissions within 18 months of release.[30] A majority of these versions were released on DVD in the 2004 Special Edition, and have previously been released on VHS. The freelance photographer Richard Burke, working for Pittsburgh Magazine, released in May 2010 the first exclusive Behind-the-Scenes photos from the set.[31][32]

Releases

A 119-minute cut for non-English speaking countries premiered in Turin under the title Zombie in Italy on September 1, 1978, in the presence of Dario Argento.[33][34]

A 127-minute cut for English-language speaking countries premiered in the United States in New York City on April 19, 1979.[35][34]

Reception

Box office

Dawn of the Dead performed well thanks both to commercial advertising and word-of-mouth. Ad campaigns and posters declared the film "the most intensely shocking motion picture experience for all times".[36] The film earned $900,000 on its opening weekend in the United States, and after four weeks had grossed $5.1 million in the United States and Canada[37] and went on to gross $16 million.[34] Internationally it did well too, grossing $1.5 million in Japan from 6 theatres in 42 days and over $1 million in Italy,[37] and by October 1979 it had grossed $24 million worldwide.[34] The Numbers claims it had an international gross of $49.9 million, which with a domestic gross of $16 million,[34] gives a worldwide total of $66 million, making it the most profitable film in the Dead series.[4][38]

Critical reception

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 93% of 42 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 8.65/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "One of the most compelling and entertaining zombie films ever, Dawn of the Dead perfectly blends pure horror and gore with social commentary on material society."[7] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it four out of four stars and proclaimed it "one of the best horror films ever made." While conceding Dawn of the Dead to be "gruesome, sickening, disgusting, violent, brutal and appalling," Ebert said that "nobody ever said art had to be in good taste."[39] Steve Biodrowski of Cinefantastique praised the film, calling it a "broader" version of Night of the Living Dead,[36] and gave particular credit to the acting and themes explored: "the acting performances are uniformly strong; and the script develops its themes more explicitly, with obvious satirical jabs at modern consumer society, as epitomized by the indoor shopping mall where a small band of human survivors take shelter from the zombie plague sweeping the country." He went on to say that Dawn of the Dead was a "savage (if tongue-in-cheek) attack on the foibles of modern society", showcasing explicit gore and horror and turning them into "a form of art".[36]

Similar to the preceding Night of the Living Dead, some critical reviewers did not like the gory special effects. Particularly displeased at the large amount of gore and graphic violence was The New York Times critic Janet Maslin, who claimed she walked out after the first 15 minutes due to "a pet peeve about flesh-eating zombies who never stop snacking,"[40] and Gene Shalit of NBC's Today show dismissed it as "Yawn of the Living." Others, particularly Variety, attacked the film's writing, suggesting that the violence and gore detract from any development of the characters, making them "uninteresting", resulting in a loss of impact. Variety wrote: "Dawn pummels the viewer with a series of ever-more-grisly events — shootings, knifings, flesh tearings - that make Romero's special effects man, Tom Savini, the real "star" of the film—the actors are as woodenly uninteresting as the characters they play."[41] Pauline Kael wrote that, in contrast to the "truly frightening" Night of the Living Dead, "you begin to laugh with relief that you're not being emotionally challenged or even affected; [Dawn of the Dead is] just a gross-out."[42] Leslie Halliwell of Halliwell's Film Guide stated the film was "occasionally laughable, otherwise sickening or boring."

The film is often cited as being one of the few sequels that are superior to the original. The film was selected as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time by Empire magazine in 2008.[8] It was also named as one of The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made, a list published by The New York Times.[43] In 2016, James Charisma of Playboy ranked the film #10 on a list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals.[44] The 25th anniversary issue of Fangoria named it the best horror film of 1979 (although it was released a year earlier),[45] and Entertainment Weekly ranked it #27 on a list of "The Top 50 Cult Films."[46] Film.com and Filmsite.org rated it as one of the best films of 1978.[47][48]

Home media

In 2004, after numerous VHS, Laserdisc and DVD releases of several different versions of the film from various companies,[49] Anchor Bay Entertainment released a definitive Ultimate Edition DVD box set of Dawn of the Dead, following a single-disc U.S. theatrical cut released earlier in the year. The set features all three widely available versions of the film, along with different commentary tracks for each version, documentaries and extras.[50] Also re-released with the DVD set was Roy Frumkes' Document of the Dead, which chronicled the making of Dawn of the Dead and Romero's career to that point.[49] The Ultimate Edition earned a Saturn Award for Best Classic Film Release.[51]

The U.S. theatrical cut of Dawn of the Dead was released on Blu-ray by Anchor Bay on October 7, 2007 in the U.S. It was released on Blu-ray in the United Kingdom by Arrow Video, which includes the theatrical cut and two DVDs with the Cannes and Argento cut. An Australian Blu-ray was released by Umbrella Entertainment.[52] All of these releases are out of print. Reportedly, the lack of a forthcoming release in these regions is due to the high licensing fee Richard P. Rubinstein has placed on the film in the wake of an unreleased 3D version of the film, which he supervised and financed for $6 million.[53]

In November 2016, Koch Media, under their Midnight Factory line, released a six-disc Collector's Edition Blu-ray package in the Italian market. This release includes the Argento cut in 4K Ultra HD format, as well as both the original 1.85:1 theatrical framing and 1.33:1 full-frame of the Argento cut, as well as the original theatrical cut and the extended Cannes cut of the film in high definition Blu-ray format.[54][55] Koch also released a four-disc set, omitting the UHD and 1.33:1 discs, and a single Blu-ray of the European cut.[52]

Remake
Main article: Dawn of the Dead (2004 film)

The remake was directed by Zack Snyder in 2004 in his directorial debut. It stars Sarah Polley, Ving Rhames, and Jake Weber with cameos from original cast members Ken Foree, Scott Reiniger, and Tom Savini.

Book

George Romero and Susanna Sparrow's paperback book based on the film was released in 1978. It was reissued, with a new introduction by Simon Pegg, on May 26, 2015, by Gallery Books.[56]

English virtual band Gorillaz use a sample from Dawn of the Dead in the song "Hip Albatross" (a B-side to the UK No.6 single "19-2000"). Filmmaker, musician and composer John Harrison (who cameos as "Screwdriver Zombie" in Dawn of the Dead and who subsequently composed the music to its follow up Day of the Dead), receives a co-writing credit for the song. American heavy metal act White Zombie sampled dialogue from the film in their song "Psychoholic Slag," from the album La Sexorcisto: Devil Music Volume One. American alternative rock band My Chemical Romance's song "Early Sunsets Over Monroeville" draws lyrical inspiration from the movie.

Joe Hill's short story "Bobby Conroy Comes Back From the Dead" takes place on the set of Dawn of the Dead. The story focuses on two extras playing zombies, and Romero and Savini appear as two minor characters.

The 2006 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, features a mission called "Brawn of the Dead", which is a pun on the film’s title, and is one of many other film references made in the game.[57] The mission also takes place on the set of a zombie film being shot in a mall during closing hours. This is a reference to the production of the Romero film, which was shot under similar circumstances.

The band Mortician uses the quote Peter says about "no more room in hell" as the intro to their song "Zombie Apocalypse".

gollark: Apparently Cloudflare is having issues again.
gollark: I'm not getting any brain interface computer stuff until it has an extremely comprehensive hardware/software test suite. I do not trust computers.
gollark: I could apply, but I don't really have some sort of immediate requirement for a specific React-based app as much as a vague desire to test how well this does at stuff.
gollark: Interesting and, er, somewhat worrying. I would be more interested if I could actually test this myself, and on things more complex than todo lists for which there is not tons of example code on the web anyway.
gollark: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-53884401The education system really is wonderful!

See also

References
  1. "Dawn of the Dead". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  2. "Film: Dawn of the Dead". LUMIERE. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  3. "Film: Dawn of the Dead". The Numbers (website). Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  4. "Dawn of the Dead". The Numbers.
  5. Konow, David (October 2, 2012). Reel Terror: The Scary, Bloody, Gory, Hundred-Year History of Classic Horror Films. St. Martin's Publishing Group.
  6. Highfield, David (May 8, 2015). ""Dawn Of The Dead" Fans Create Online Petition To Save Monroeville Mall Bridge". CBS News. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  7. "Dawn of the Dead (1978)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  8. "Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire Magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
  9. The mall at The Zombie Farm
  10. Biodrowski, Steve. "Dawn of the Dead (1979)". Cinema Fantastique. Retrieved May 4, 2008.
  11. Quint interviews FX God Greg Nicotero on LAND OF THE DEAD! Exclusive gore pics, too! on Ain't it Cool News
  12. Trivia for Dawn of the Dead at Turner Classic Movies
  13. Pittsburgh Monroeville Airport Archived May 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
  14. Former Latent Image Office at Dark Destinations
  15. Romero, George A. (1977). "Dawn Of The Dead". HorrorLair.com (working draft).
  16. Alternate Dawn ending surfaces. Archived December 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine at Horrorexpress.com
  17. Lord of Gore Slasherama.com
  18. Tom Savini, Bizarro!: The Art and Technique of Special Make-Up Effects (New York: Harmony Books, 1983), 11.
  19. Mason, R.H. "An Interview With The Villain". Fangoria (reprinted). Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
  20. Carnival of the Damned at Origins becomes a "Cast Party!" GamingReport.com Archived May 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  21. Balingit, Moriah. "Obituary: Clayton Hill / Played a lead zombie in 'Dawn of the Dead', Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 27, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2009.
  22. Dawn of the Dead (1978) (Blu-ray) DVDTalk review
  23. Rave Up With The Electric Banana at Movie Grooves
  24. De Wolfe track listing
  25. A review of Document of the Dead, a documentary on the film's production.
  26. Dawn of the Dead (1978) censorship history in Australia at Refused Classification
  27. Dario Argento’s Zombi: Dawn of the Dead Archived April 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine review by Michael Elliott
  28. "Da giovedì 7 settembre anche a Firenze — Zombi". L'Unità. September 3, 1978. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  29. "Zombie (1978)". www.ohmygore.com. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  30. "Dawn of the Dead (1978)". Horrorpedia. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  31. OMFG of the Day: Old Negatives Discovered from Dawn of the Dead Shoot!
  32. New Behind-the-Scenes Images: George A. Romero's Dawn of the Dead
  33. "Presentato a Torino - Gli Zombi: un Argento da infarto". Stampa Sera (in Italian). September 1, 1978. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  34. Dawn of the Dead at the American Film Institute Catalog
  35. "Around Town". New York Magazine. April 23, 1979. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  36. Dawn of the Dead, a review by Steve Biodrowski for Cinefantastique
  37. "'Dawn Of The Dead' Rises to $5 Mil B.O.". Daily Variety. May 30, 1979. p. 2.
  38. Dawn of the Dead at Film Site. Retrieved December 10, 2009.
  39. Dawn of the Dead, a review by Roger Ebert
  40. Maslin, Janet (April 20, 1979). "Movie Review Dawn of the Dead (1978)". The New York Times.
  41. Variety Staff (April 22, 1979). "Movie Review Dawn of the Dead (1978)". Variety. Archived from the original on December 10, 2009.
  42. Kael, Pauline (1984). "Waddlers And Bikers". Taking It All In. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 194–201. ISBN 0-03-069361-6.
  43. "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". The New York Times. April 29, 2003. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  44. Charisma, James (March 15, 2016). "Revenge of the Movie: 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals". Playboy. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
  45. "1979: Dawn of the Dead". Fangoria. 234: 55. June 2004.
  46. "Entertainment Weekly's "The Top 50 Cult Films"". Filmsite.org. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  47. "The Greatest Films of 1978". Filmsite.org. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  48. "The 10 Best Movies of 1978". Film.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  49. "Dawn of the Dead (1978) DVD comparison". DVDCompare.
  50. Dawn of the Dead - Ultimate Edition Archived June 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Anchor Bay Entertainment.com
  51. Saturn Awards Archived September 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  52. "Dawn of the Dead (1978) BD comparison". DVDCompare.
  53. "George Romero's Dawn of the Dead DEMANDS New Release". Brain Mutant. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  54. "Zombi - Dawn of The Dead - Midnight Factory - Il Male fatto Bene". Midnight Factory - Il Male fatto Bene (in Italian). Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  55. "Dawn of the Dead (1978) 4K UHD comparison". DVDCompare.
  56. "Gallery Books Announces: DAWN OF THE DEAD by George A. Romero". Dread Central.
  57. "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories (Video Game 2006)". IMDb. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
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