David Bailey (militia officer)

David Bailey was an American militia officer and abolitionist in the Illinois Militia who fought during the War of 1812 and the Black Hawk War, most notably serving at the Battle of Stillman's Run where he and Lt. Col. Major Isaiah Stillman were defeated by Black Hawk's British Band at Stillman Creek in present-day Ogle County, Illinois on May 14, 1832.

David Bailey in an undated portrait.

In addition, Bailey was the defendant in an emancipation legal case defended by Abraham Lincoln entitled Bailey vs. Cromwell. This 1841 Illinois Supreme Court case was Lincoln's first recorded emancipation case. (7)

"In 1841, Lincoln defended Major David Bailey, a friend with whom Lincoln had served in the Black Hawk War. Bailey was being sued by the estate of Dr. William Cromwell for refusing to pay to Cromwell's estate four hundred dollars for an "indentured servant", Nance Legins-Costly. In 1836, when he was moving to Texas, Cromwell had arranged to have Bailey purchase the unwed and pregnant Nance. In exchange, Bailey, an abolitionist, signed a promissory note agreeing to pay Cromwell four hundred dollars when he received legal proof of Nance's indentured status. Lincoln won that case on the basis that involuntary servitude was illegal in Illinois and that Cromwell's case could not produce the record of the woman's voluntary indentured status. Nance was free."(9)

David Bailey, a native of Hillsboro, N. H., where his birth occurred June 12, 1801. That gentleman was next to the youngest son of Joseph Bailey, who was born February 8, 1772, in Rowley, Mass., and his father bore the name of Daniel Bailey, whose ancestors came over in the "Mayflower." David Bailey cane to Pekin when in his eighteenth year, and was engaged as a merchant in this place on the outbreak of the Black Hawk War. He then entered the service as a Captain of militia, and was soon promoted to be Major, and afterward Colonel of his regiment, having charge of the army stationed at Ft. Dearborn. While there he met and afterward married Miss Sarah Ann Brown, who was born in Connecticut May 25, 1811; she was the daughter of Rufus Brown, one of the earliest settlers of the city of Chicago. (8).

Although held responsible for the defeat, it is accepted by many historians that both Bailey and Stillman may have been unfairly blamed for the disastrous battle which was due more to the unclear orders given by Governor John Reynolds whose actions may have been politically motivated.[1]

Biography

Little of his life is known prior to his enlistment and appointment from the Illinois Territory as an ensign with the Illinois Rangers in early-1813, however he quickly rose to the rank of first lieutenant by July 1814 and remained with his unit until it disbanded the following summer.

Joining the 5th Regiment as a major in early-1832, he was given independent command of a battalion of mounted Illinois Volunteers. With a combined force of 341 men, of which Bailey commanded three companies of 197 soldiers, he and Lt. Col. Major Isaiah Stillman were ordered by Governor John Reynolds to guard the settled areas of the Mississippi and Illinois River after receiving reports of Black Hawk moving in to threaten the frontier.[2]

On May 12, while staying at Dixon's Ferry, he and Stillman encountered Brigadier General Samuel Whiteside and Governor Reynolds having been en route to Black Hawk's camp by way of the village of the Winnebago Prophet. Despite objections by Whiteside, he and Stillman were directed by Reynolds to "coerce" Black Hawk's British Band surrender then camped at Old Man's Creek. Proceeding up Rock River with Stillman's troops, they set up camp two days later near Old Man's Creek (near-present day Stillman Valley, Illinois) unaware that they were only seven miles south of the Sauk encampment.

Through the local Potawatomi, Black Hawk was told of the presence of the Illinois Militia and sent three messengers to the militia camp under a white flag in order to negotiate a peace with Stillman and Bailey. Upon encountering the three messengers, they were brought back to the militia encampment. As there was no Sac interpreter available, progress was slow in discussing surrender terms. During the proceedings, fighting broke out when militiamen shot at scouts seen in the hillside resulting in the death of one of the emissaries and a militia flag bearer, while the other two messengers escaped to report back to Black Hawk.

During the subsequent battle against Black Hawk's forces, Bailey and Stillman's disorganized militia were ambushed and thrown into retreat. In an attempt to cover their retreat, 12 militiamen under Captain John Giles Adams fought to the death while holding off their Sauk pursuers on a hill south of the militia camp.[3][4][5]

The presence of Bailey during the battle is unclear, although it is presumed he had some role in directing the 30-mile retreat back to rejoin the main force at Dixon's Ferry as he and Stillman survived to make their report. As the main force left to follow Black Hawk up the Kishwaukee, Bailey and Stillman were left to guard the supplies and the wounded at Dixon's Ferry; however, what remained of their command left for their homes soon after General Henry Atkinson and Brigadier General Whiteside left camp.[6]

References

1. Miller, Richard Lawrence. Lincoln and His World. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2006. (pg. 164-165) ISBN 0-8117-0187-5
2. Armstrong, Perry A. The Sauks and the Black Hawk War: With Biographical Sketches, Etc. Springfield, Illinois: H.W. Rokker, 1887. (pg. 300-304)
3. Bauer, Karl J. Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985. (pg. 60-61) ISBN 0-8071-1851-6
4. Moses, John. Illinois, Historical and Statistical. Chicago: Furgus Printing Company, 1889. (pg. 365-367)
5. Thwaites, Reuben Gold. How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest: And Other Essays in Western History. Chicago: A.C. McClerg & Co., 1903. (pg. 147-149)
6. Campbell, Henry Colin. Wisconsin in Three Centuries, 1634-1905. New York: The Century History Company, 1906. (pg. 192-193)

7. The Fiery Trial: Aberham Lincoln and American Slavery. Eric Foner 2011 (pg. 47)

8. Portrait and Biographical Record of Tazwell and Mason Counties, Illinois

9. Collaborators for Emancipation: Abraham Lincoln and Owen Lovejoy By William F. Moore and Jane Anne Moore (pg. 53)