Dangdut

Dangdut (/dɑːŋˈduːt/) is a genre of Indonesian folk music that is partly derived and fused from Hindustani, Arabic music and to lesser extent, Malay and local folk music. Dangdut is a very popular genre in Indonesia and also Malaysia because of its melodious instrumentation and vocals. Indonesians dance in somewhat similar to the ghoomar while listening to dangdut music, but in a much slower version. Dangdut features a tabla and gendang beat.[1][2]

Dangdut music
Musik dangdut
Stylistic origins
Cultural origins1970s, Java Island, Indonesia
Typical instruments
Derivative forms
  • Koplo dangdut (East Java, Central Java and Yogyakarta)
  • Rampak dangdut (West Java and Banten)
  • Gondang dangdut (North Sumatera)
  • Tarling dangdut (Cirebon and Indramayu)
  • Saluang dangdut (West Sumatra)
  • Pantura dangdut (North Coast Java)
  • other regional varieties
Fusion genres
Other topics
  • Dangdut musicians
Music of Indonesia
Kempul gongs from Java
Genres
Specific forms
Regional music
A modern dangdut performance

One of the most popular Dangdut musicians and singers such as Rhoma Irama, known as the "King of Dangdut"; Mansyur S.; Meggy Z; and Ellya Khadam include strong Indian-music influence in the basis of harmony, theme, and beat to their songs and also by other popular dangdut singers also.

Dangdut is very popular throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and other Malay-speaking regions.

A dangdut band typically consists of a lead singer, male or female, backed by four to eight musicians. Instruments usually include a tabla, gendang, flute, mandolin, guitars, sitar, drum machines, and synthesizers.[3] The term has been expanded from the desert-style music to embrace other musical styles.[1] Modern dangdut incorporates influences from Middle Eastern pop music, Western rock, house music, hip hop music, disco music, contemporary R&B, and reggae.[1][4]

The popularity of dangdut peaked in the 1990s. By 2012, it was still largely popular in the western parts of Indonesia, but the genre was becoming less popular in the eastern parts, apart from Maluku.[5] Meanwhile more regional and faster-paced forms of dangdut (as opposed to slower, Bollywood-influenced dangdut) have risen in popularity.

Development

The term dangdut is a Javanese language onomatopoeia for the sound of the tabla (also known as gendang) drum, which is written dang and ndut. It was reportedly coined by music magazine Aktuil, although Rhoma Irama stated that it was coined as a term of derision by the rich to the music of the poor. Despite its derogatory intent, it was seized upon by those playing it, and the term appears in Rhoma's 1973 dangdut classic Terajana:

Sulingnya suling bambu - The flute, a bamboo flute
Gendangnya kulit lembu - The drum, from cow hide
Dangdut suara gendang rasa ingin berdendang - Dangdut's drum sound makes you want to sing

Dangdut as a term distinguished the music of Javanese people from the Orkes Melayu (Malay orchestra) of North Sumatran Malays. Besides orkes Melayu, the primary musical influence on dangdut was Indian Bollywood music (Filmi). The song "Terajana" pays homage to the 1959 Bollywood hit "Tera Jana Ke," and though dangdut is primarily written in the Indonesian language, respect was paid to the Indian influence. The next verse of "Terajana" is as follows:

Terajana... Terajana - Terajana, Terajana
Ini lagunya... lagu India - This is the song, song of India

Orkes Melayu singer Ellya Khadam switched to dangdut in the 1970s, and by 1972 she was the number one artist in Indonesia. Her success, with that of Rhoma Irama, meant that by 1975, 75 percent of all recorded music in Indonesia was of the dangdut genre, with pop bands such as Koes Plus adopting the style.

Culture

Most major cities, especially on Java, have one or more venues that have a dangdut show several times a week. The concerts of major dangdut stars are also broadcast on television.

The tabla is one of the most important and main percussion instrument in Dangdut

Beginning in 2003, certain dangdut musicians became the focus of a national controversy in Indonesia regarding performances by koplo dangdut singer Inul Daratista, which religious conservatives described as pornography. Protests led by dangdut megastar and devout Muslim Rhoma Irama called for Daratista to be banned from television, and legislation was passed in 2008 by the People's Consultative Assembly that introduced a broad range of activities described as pornography.[6]

The flamboyant performances at some dangdut shows also attracted collateral attention in May 2012 when a row broke out in Indonesia over a planned performance by international star Lady Gaga in Jakarta due to be held in early June 2012. In the face of opposition from conservative Muslim groups in Indonesia, the planned show was canceled. This cancelation led numerous commentators to note that opposition to Lady Gaga's performances was surprising given the nature of some dangdut shows.[7]

Dangdut remains an integral part of Indonesian life and pop culture despite conservative Muslim concerns over the supposed vulgarity of some performances (such as by Dewi Persik and Julia Perez).[8]

Because the popularity of the genre, some movies and TV shows have dangdut-centered themes, such as Rhoma Irama's movies and Rudy Soedjarwo's Mendadak Dangdut.

List of dangdut performers
Rhoma Irama is known as "Raja Dangdut" (the King of Dangdut)

1970s-1980s

1990s
  • Erie Suzan
  • Hamdan ATT
  • Iis Dahlia
  • Ikke Nurjanah
  • Ine Sinthya
  • Itje Trisnawati
  • Iyeth Bustami
  • Nur Halimah
  • Riza Umami
  • Vetty Vera
  • Mirnawati
  • Minawati Dewi
  • Mega Mustika
  • Nais Larasati
  • Yus Yunus
  • Asep Irama
  • Lilis Karlina
  • Nada Soraya
  • Mansyur S.
  • Muchsin Alatas
  • Abiem Ngesti
  • Leo Waldy
  • Irvan Mansyur s
  • Yulia Citra
  • Inul Daratista

Pre-2000s
Koplo dangdut singer in Yogyakarta

Post-2000s
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See also

References
  1. Campbell, Debe (18 April 1998), "The 'Billboard' report: Dangdut thrives in SE Asia—music rules Indonesia", Billboard, 110, p. 1
  2. Nuvich, Alexandra (18 April 1998), "Dangdut thrives in SE Asia--Malaysia embraces genre", Billboard, 110, p. 1
  3. "No Money, No Honey: a Study of Street Traders and Prostitutes in Jakarta" by Alison Murray. Oxford University Press, 1992. Glossary page xii
  4. Gehr, Richard (10 December 1991), "Dawn of Dangdut", The Village Voice, 36, p. 86
  5. "'Dangdut' loses appeal in Indonesia: Expert". April 25, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-05-06.
  6. Gelling, Peter (30 October 2008), "Indonesia passes broad anti-pornography bill", The Wall Street Journal
  7. M. Taufiqurrahman, ''Dangdut' the collateral damage in the Gaga saga', The Jakarta Post, 8 June 2012.
  8. "Raunchy dangdut music stirs debate in Indonesia". BBC News. 27 March 2012.

Bibliography
  • Andrew N. Weintraub, Dangdut Stories: A Social and Musical History of Indonesia's Most Popular Music, Oxford University Press, 2010; ISBN 978-0-19-539567-9
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