Cydia pomonella granulovirus

Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a granulovirus belonging to the family Baculoviridae.[1] It has a double-stranded DNA genome that is 123,500 base pairs in length with 143 ORFs.[2] The virus forms small bodies called granules containing a single virion. CpGV is a virus of invertebrates – specifically Cydia pomonella, commonly known as the Codling moth.[3] CpGV is highly pathogenic, it is known as a fast GV – that is, one that will kill its host in the same instar as infection; thus, it is frequently used as a biological pesticide.

Cydia pomonella granulovirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: incertae sedis
Kingdom: incertae sedis
Phylum: incertae sedis
Class: incertae sedis
Order: incertae sedis
Family: Baculoviridae
Genus: Betabaculovirus
Species:
Cydia pomonella granulovirus

In pest control

C. pomonella has proved to be a problematic pest on several fruit trees, including apples and pears. The caterpillars burrow into the fruit, rendering it unfit for sale. Traditional insecticides are of limited use, as some strains have acquired resistance to several insecticides.

CpGV has been shown to kill many of the larvae of C. pomonella in trials without having adverse effects on humans or other animals, thanks to the specific nature of the virus. Also, no development of resistance was observed.

The first CpGV strain, isolated in Mexico, has been commercially formulated into biological pesticides such as Madex (Andermatt Biocontrol AG), Carpovirusine (NPP/Arysta LifeScience) and Cyd-X (Certis).[3][4] Due to the continued use of CpGV in the field, populations resistant to the Mexican strain of C. pomonella have been identified.[5] New strains which are able to manage resistant codling moth populations have been developed. These strains are commercialized by BioTEPP inc. into Virosoft CP4, NPP/Arysta LifeScience into Carpovirusine Evo 2 and by Andermatt Biocontrol AG into Madex Max and Madex Plus.

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See also
  • Biological insecticides

References
  1. "ICTV 2015 Master Species List Version 1". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. June 2016.
  2. Luque, T.; Finch, R.; Crook, N.; O'Reilly, D.R.; Winstanley, D. (2001). "The complete sequence of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus genome". Journal of General Virology. 82 (10): 2531–47. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-82-10-2531. PMID 11562546.
  3. Tanada, Y. (1964). "A granulosis virus of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (Linnaeus) (Olethreutidae, Lepidoptera)". Journal of Insect Pathology. 6: 378–380.
  4. Knox, C.M.; Moore, S.D.; Luke, G.A.; Hill, M.P. (2015). "Baculovirus-based strategies for the management of insect pests: a focus on development and application in South Africa". Biocontrol Science and Technology. 25 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/09583157.2014.949222.
  5. Schmitt, A.B.; Ladurner, I.L.; Benuzzi, M.; Sauphanor, B.; Kienzle, J.; Zingg, D.; Undorf-Spahn, K.; Fritsch, E.; Huber, J.; Jehle, J.A. (2013). "The occurrence and distribution of resistance of codling moth to Cydia pomonella granulovirus in Europe". Journal of Applied Entomology. 137 (9): 641–9. doi:10.1111/jen.12046.
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