Column of Constantine

The Column of Constantine (Turkish: Çemberlitaş Sütunu) is a Roman monumental column built for Roman emperor Constantine the Great to commemorate the dedication of Constantinople on 11 May 330 AD. Built c. 328 AD, it is the oldest Constantinian monument in Istanbul and stood in the centre of the Forum of Constantine. It occupies the second-highest hill of the seven hills of Constantine's Nova Roma, the erstwhile Byzantium, and was midway along the Mese odos, the ancient city's main thoroughfare.

The Column of Constantine, seen from the south-east. Behind it is the Gazi Atik Ali Pasha Mosque.

The column shaft itself is composed of very large porphyry column drums set on a white marble pedestal that is no longer visible. The column once supported a bronze statue of the emperor holding a spear and wearing a seven-point radiate crown, probably nude, and possibly holding an orb. Its appearance probably referred to the Colossus of Rhodes and to the Colossus of Nero in Rome; all resembled the solar deities Helios or Apollo. The statue and column capital fell down after some eight centuries, and were replaced with a cross, since removed, and the inscribed white marble masonry capital visible today.

The column's top is 34.8 m above the present-day ground level. Estimates of the original height of the column, without the statue, vary between 37 and 40 m; the monument as a whole would have been nearly 50 m tall. It may have been the largest Roman honorific column of all, rivalled only by the later Column of Theodosius, now demolished. Constantine's Column was taller than Trajan's Column and the Column of Marcus Aurelius; its size approached or exceeded the height of the Colosseum (48 m) and the internal height of the Pantheon (43 m) in Rome.

The Turkish name Çemberlitaş, from çemberli 'hooped' and taş 'stone', was applied after renovations by the Ottomans in c. 1515, who added iron reinforcing hoops to the shaft, and the name became a synecdoche for the local area: Çemberlitaş. Bronze reinforcements had first been added as early as 416. A fire in 1779 blackened the column, after which became known as the Burnt Pillar, and fires had earlier damaged the monument in the 5th and 6th centuries.

The column is where Yeniçeriler Caddesi ("Street of the Janissaries") adjoins the Divan Yolu ("Road to the Divan"); these streets connect Sultanahmet Square with Beyazıt Square and roughly follow the course of the old Mese odos. The Roman street led eastward to the Augustaion, the Hippodrome, Hagia Sophia, the Baths of Zeuxippus, and the Chalke Gate of the Great Palace. To the west the way led through the Forum of Theodosius to the Philadelphion and the walls of Constantinople. In Constantine's Forum itself the emperor built the original home of the Byzantine Senate.[1][2]

History
The Column of Constantine in its original form, with the statue of Constantine as Apollo on top

The column was dedicated on May 11, 330 AD, with a mix of Christian and pagan ceremonies.

In Constantine's day the column was at the center of the Forum of Constantine (today known as Çemberlitaş Square), an oval forum situated outside the city walls in the vicinity of what may have been the west gate of Antoninia. On its erection, the column was 50 meters tall, constructed of several cylindrical porphyry blocks. The exact number of porphyry blocks is disputed, but common figures range from seven, up to as many as eleven.[3] These blocks were surmounted by a statue of Constantine in the figure of Apollo. The orb he carried was said to contain a fragment of the True Cross. At the foot of the column was a sanctuary which contained relics allegedly from the crosses of the two thieves who were crucified with Jesus Christ at Calvary, the baskets from the loaves and fishes miracle, an alabaster ointment jar belonging to Mary Magdalene and used by her for anointing the head and feet of Jesus,[4] and the palladium of ancient Rome (a wooden statue of Pallas Athena from Troy).

A strong gale in 1106 AD felled the statue and three of the upper cylinders of the column. Some years later, Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos (reigned 1143-1180) placed a cross on top in place of the original statue and added a commemorative inscription that read "Faithful Manuel invigorated this holy work of art, which has been damaged by time". Bronze wreaths once covered the joints between the drums, but these were taken by the Latin Crusaders who plundered the city during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The cross was removed by the Ottoman Turks after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.[5]

Earthquakes and a fire in 1779 destroyed the neighborhood surrounding the column, leaving it with black scorch marks and earning it the name 'Burnt Column' (or, as referred to by Gibbon, the "burned pillar"). The column was restored by Abdülhamid I, who had the present masonry base added.[6] The base was strengthened in 1779. The original platform of the column is 2.5 meters (about 8 feet) below ground.

The Column of Constantine

Present

The Column of Constantine is one of the most important examples of Roman art in Istanbul.

The column is 35 metres high. Restoration work has been under way since 1955. Cracks in the porphyry were filled and metal brackets renewed in 1972.

Since 1985, the monuments of the historic areas of Istanbul, including the Column, have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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gollark: I mean, Conway's Game of Life is Turing-complete and has self-replicators, those are "life".
gollark: It could probably exist in basically any with sufficiently... something... rules, given a broad enough definition of "life".
gollark: I read somewhere that if we had four dimensions and similar physics things would be too unstable to work, and two dimensions doesn't really provide enough connectivity to do much, but I don't think you can give much of a meaningful answer beyond "it just is".
gollark: By "long", I mean "more than about 3 minutes", unless they are very interesting all the way through.

See also

References
  1. Yoncaci Arslan, Pelin (2016). "Towards a New Honorific Column: The Column of Constantine In Early Byzantine Urban Landscape" (PDF). Journal of the Faculty of Architecture. Middle East Technical University. 33 (1): 121–145. doi:10.4305/METU.JFA.2016.1.5.
  2. Gehn, Ulrich (2012). "LSA-2457 Porphyry Column, once crowned by colossal statue of Constantine I. Constantinople, Forum of Constantine. 328". Last Statues of Antiquity. Oxford University. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  3. Mango, C. (1981) Constantine's Porphyry Column and the Chapel of St. Constantine, p. 104.
  4. Clarke, Howard: The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers. Indiana University Press, 2003. p.204.
  5. "Çemberlitas (Burnt Column), Istanbul". TurkeyTravelPlanner.com. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  6. "Çemberlitas (Burnt Column), Istanbul". TurkeyTravelPlanner.com. Retrieved 2008-01-15.

Bibliography

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