Coles Bashford

Coles Bashford (January 24, 1816 – April 25, 1878) was an American lawyer and politician who became the fifth Governor of Wisconsin, and one of the founders of the U.S. Republican Party. His one term as governor ended in a bribery scandal that ended in him fleeing Wisconsin, but he was later instrumental in the government of the newly formed Arizona Territory.

Coles Bashford
5th Governor of Wisconsin
In office March 25, 1856 – January 4, 1858
Lieutenant	Arthur MacArthur, Sr.
Preceded by	Arthur MacArthur, Sr.
Succeeded by	Alexander Randall
Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from the Arizona Territory
In office March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1869
Preceded by	John Noble Goodwin
Succeeded by	Richard Cunningham McCormick
3rd Secretary of State of the Arizona Territory
In office April 14, 1869 – January 8, 1876
Nominated by	Ulysses S. Grant
Preceded by	James P. T. Carter
Succeeded by	John Philo Hoyt
1st Attorney General of the Arizona Territory
In office 1864–1866
Governor	John N. Goodwin
1st President of the Arizona Territorial Council
In office September 26, 1864 – December 6, 1865
Governor	John N. Goodwin
Preceded by	Position Established
Succeeded by	Henry A. Bigelow
Member of the Wisconsin Senate from the 21st district
In office January 12, 1853 – January 9, 1856
Preceded by	Position Established
Succeeded by	John Fitzgerald
Personal details
Born	(1816-01-24)January 24, 1816 Cold Spring, New York, U.S.
Died	April 25, 1878(1878-04-25) (aged 62) Prescott, Arizona Territory
Resting place	Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)
Political party	Whig (until 1855) Republican (until 1866) Independent
Spouse(s)	Frances Ann Forman
Children	7
Profession	Lawyer, Politician, Merchant

Early life and career

Bashford was born near Cold Spring in Putnam County, New York. He attended the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in Lima, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He served as the District Attorney of Wayne County from 1847 until he resigned in 1850 and moved to Oshkosh, Wisconsin. He served in the Wisconsin State Senate in 1853 and 1854 as a Whig, representing Winnebago County.[1] After the Whigs split on the issue of slavery, Bashford became one of the founding candidates of the Republican Party.[2]

1855 election scandal

Bashford ran for governor as a Republican in 1855 and was at first declared the loser to the Democratic incumbent, William A. Barstow, by a mere 157 votes. However, Bashford claimed the result was fraudulent, and it was later discovered that Barstow's win was due to forged election returns coming from non-existent precincts in the sparsely populated northern part of the state, in addition to other irregularities such as two separate canvassing boards claiming legitimacy in Waupaca County. With rival militia units converging on the state capitol in Madison, Bashford was sworn in quietly in the chambers of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, by Chief Justice Edward Whiton, on January 7, 1856.

On the same day, Barstow was publicly inaugurated with full ceremony. The Wisconsin Attorney General filed quo warranto proceedings in the Wisconsin Supreme Court to remove Barstow, who declared that he would not "give up his office alive." After challenging the court's jurisdiction without success and noting that the tide of public opinion had turned against him, Barstow declined to contest the fraud allegations and sent his resignation to the legislature on March 21, 1856, leaving the lieutenant governor, Arthur MacArthur, as acting governor. On March 24, the court unanimously awarded the governorship to Bashford by a count of 1,009 votes. Bashford was represented in the case by Edward G. Ryan, who, two decades later, would serve as Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court.

The following day, as Madison was crowded with onlookers, Bashford entered the Capitol with the court's judgment in hand, in the company of a sheriff and a throng of followers, and announced to MacArthur that he had come to claim his office. Upon Bashford's threat that force would be used if necessary, MacArthur and his supporters quickly left. Despite initial opposition by the Democrats in the State Assembly, both houses of the Wisconsin State Legislature soon recognized Bashford as the new governor.[3][4]

Term as governor and railroad scandal

As governor, Bashford appointed the first Black officeholder to Wisconsin state office when he made barber and entrepreneur William Noland a notary public in 1857.[5] Bashford declined renomination from the Republican Party and left office at the end of his term on January 4, 1858.

Mere weeks later, an investigation was launched regarding bribes that he and members of his administration had accepted from the La Crosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company in exchange for approval of a major land grant. Bashford himself had received the largest payoff in the form of $50,000 in stocks and $15,000 in cash from the railroad company; state legislators and a Wisconsin Supreme Court justice were also involved in payoffs exceeding $400,000 in total. Nearly every copy of the final investigative report was seized and burned by the implicated politicians, but public outrage spread despite the suppression.

Bashford managed to cash in his stock before the railroad company folded as a result of the investigation, and fled the state. He traveled first to Washington, D.C., in 1862, and then left for the Arizona Territory, in 1863, with his brother, Levi, who was to be Surveyor General of the newly-created territory. They made the arduous, cross-continental journey accompanying the "Governor's party"—the appointed territorial officials led by Governor John Noble Goodwin—and arrived in the Arizona Territory in December 1863.[6]

Arizona Territory career

Though moving to the Territory as a private citizen, Bashford was soon appointed its first Attorney General by Governor Goodwin, serving from 1864 until 1866. His position required him to journey throughout the Territory, frequently travelling through land considered "hostile Indian country", but he executed these duties without incident. Bashford was also the first lawyer admitted to practice in the Arizona Territorial Courts and compiled the session laws of the Territory into one 400-page volume with the assistance of Associate Justice William T. Howell. He was elected President of the first Territorial Council (the Territory's upper legislative body) in 1864 and served from 1867 until 1869 as a territorial delegate to the 40th United States Congress as an independent, rather than with his former party.

The last political office Bashford held was Secretary of State for the Arizona Territory, by appointment from U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869, and again in 1873. After the Territory's capital moved from Prescott, where Bashford and Levi ran the Bashford Mercantile Store, Bashford resigned in 1876 to stay close to his business interests. He died in Prescott two years later. Bashford was buried in Mountain View Cemetery, in Oakland, California. He and his wife Frances Adams had seven children: Belle (who had died at age 11), Edward, Elizabeth, Helen, Lillian, Margaret, and William Coles. The Bashford Mercantile Store remained operating in Prescott until the 1940s.[7]

Electoral history

Wisconsin Gubernatorial Election, 1855

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±
	Republican	Coles Bashford	36,198	49.86%	+10.56%
	Democratic	William A. Barstow	36,355	50.08%	-4.53%
		Scattering	45	0.06%
Total votes			'72,598'	'100.0%'	+30.38%
	Republican gain from Democratic

Notes

1. 'Legislative Manual of the State of Wisconsin 1877,' pg. 161, 163
2. 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1960,' Wisconsin's Former Governors, 1848-1959, Coles Bashford, pg. 87-90
3. Bashford, Coles 1816 - 1878
4. 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1960,' Wisconsin's Former Governors, 1848-1959, Coles Bashford, pg, 87-90
5. Beth L. Savage, African American Historic Places, p. 536. Wiley, 1994.
6. 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1960,' Wisconsin's Former Governors, 1848-1959, Coles Bashford, pg. 87-90
7. 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1960,' Wisconsin's Former Governors, 1848-1959, Coles Bashford, pg. 87-90

References

• United States Congress. "Coles Bashford (id: B000219)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Campbell, Tracy. Deliver the Vote : A History of Election Fraud, an American Political Tradition-1742-2004, pp. 43–45. Carroll & Graf, 2005.
• Current, Richard Nelson. Wisconsin: A History, pp. 176–78, 180. University of Illinois Press, 2001.
• McCann, Dennis. 3 governors held office within weeks Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, December 10, 1998.
• Attorney General ex. rel. Bashford v. Barstow, 4 Wis. 567 (1856).
• Farish, Thomas Edwin. History of Arizona, Volume III. 1916.
• Sonnichsen, C.L. Tucson: The Life and Times of an American City, pp. 69–70. University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.

Party political offices
Preceded by Party established	Republican nominee for Governor of Wisconsin 1855	Succeeded by Alexander W. Randall
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by John Noble Goodwin	Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona Territory 1867 – 1869	Succeeded by Richard Cunningham McCormick
Political offices
Preceded by Arthur MacArthur, Sr.	Governor of Wisconsin 1856 – 1858	Succeeded by Alexander W. Randall
Preceded by Position established	President of the Arizona Territorial Council 1864 – 1865	Succeeded by Henry A. Bigelow
Preceded by James P. T. Carter	Secretary of Arizona Territory 1869 – 1876	Succeeded by John Philo Hoyt
Legal offices
Preceded by Position established	Attorney General of Arizona Territory 1864 – 1866	Succeeded by John A. Rush