Coenobita brevimanus

Coenobita brevimanus is a species of terrestrial hermit crab belonging to the family Coenobitidae, which is composed of coastal living terrestrial hermit crabs. From there it belongs to the genus Coenobita, one of two genera split from the family, which contains sixteen species. The Latin origins of the species name, brevimanus, come from the adjective brevis ("small") and the noun manus ("hands"). It is known as the Indos crab or Indonesian crab because it is primarily distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific.

Coenobita brevimanus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Decapoda
Infraorder:	Anomura
Family:	Coenobitidae
Genus:	Coenobita
Species:	C. brevimanus
Binomial name
Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852

Description

C. brevimanus is one of the larger species in the genus Coenobita. The adults can grow up to .5 pounds (230 g). They can live 12–70 years and are known to grow to the size of a coconut. During the beginning of the crab's juvenile stage the middle of its carapace possesses a long reddish pigment area as does each side wall of the carapace. As the crab reaches one month old these areas develop into a brown stripe down the middle of the carapace and two brown bands on either side wall of the carapace. The rest of the carapace as well as the pereiopods slowly transition from a white color to a grayish color. Eventually, when they reach full adulthood, they are brownish red with violet shading on their limbs. The brown stripe and bands are still present in the adult crabs. They are darker than most other species of its genus.[1] They have an abdominal lung and extremely reduced gills due to their terrestrial lifestyle.[2] They also have a disproportionately large dark purple pincher and long black eye stalks which they can easily be identified by. There is also a pink variation of C. brevimanus in which their dominant pincher is pink instead of a dark purple. Compared to other species in their genus, they do not prefer large gastropod shells, and the armored variation of this crab, in which a tougher exoskeleton is present, specifically likes small shells that only cover their body past their third pair of walking legs. Although their availability and demand has risen in recent years, they are not commonly kept as pets due to their size, but they are the largest land hermit crab known to be in captivity.[3]

Distribution and habitat

C. brevimanus is native to the east coast of Africa and south-west Pacific Ocean. It has also been reported in East Africa, the Philippines, Japan, China, and Taiwan. They usually reside inland and away from the coastline in moist environments such as rainforests because they do not like to get wet, but still require a high amount of humidity. Generally, they require at least eighty percent humidity and enjoy temperatures between eighty and eighty-five degrees, which influences their distribution greatly towards tropical zones.[4] The present record of this species suggests a continuous distribution from the east coast of Africa to the south-west Pacific Ocean.[5]

Behavior and ecology

This purple hermit crab is using a soup can as a shell because there were no large snail shells left in the area, probably due to collection for the souvenir market.

C. brevimanus larvae is brooded inside the female's shell, then laid in seawater. This is the only time the adult C. brevimanus returns to the water after they reach adulthood. They grow from the larval planktonic stage to the magalopal stage before migrating from the sea to the land. They also develop a habit of acquiring discarded gastropod shells for inhabitation before migration. If gastropod shells are not present, often due to the collection for the souvenir market, they can be seen using soup cans and other litter as shells. After they acquire their shell, they migrate onto land.[6] After this migration they are fully terrestrial, being the most terrestrial species in the genus Coenobita, often found over one hundred meters from the coast. As they grow on land, they tend to molt around every eighteen months, in which they burrow underground, molt, and then come up when their exoskeleton is no longer soft. This process can take upwards to a month.[7] They are highly active during the month of July, with an increase in activity in the months leading up to July, and a decrease in activity after the month of July.[8] Although they are terrestrial, they can only tolerate a 28% loss of body water. Beyond this point a severe disruption in oxygen transport occurs. They also have difficulty recovering from periods of dehydration. In order to prevent dehydration they fill their shells with brackish or fresh water.[9] They have the ability to detect volatile chemicals in the air in relation to food and water sources and orient themselves accordingly, which is useful in finding food and unevenly distributed inland water supplies.[10] They are omnivores and scavenger feeders who operate primarily at night. They tend to prefer fish over fruits when given the option between the two. They have also been known to prey on smaller species of hermit crabs, such as C. rugosus, making them not only scavengers, but also predators.[11]

Taxonomy

Coenobita brevimanus was first taxonomically classified in 1852 by Dana.[12]

References

1. Hamasaki K, Tsuru T, Sanda T, Fujikawa S, Dan S, Kitada S (2017). Ontogenetic change of body color patterns in laboratory-raised juveniles of six terrestrial hermit crab species. Plazi.org taxonomic treatments database. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.5 accessed via GBIF.org on 2019-03-19.
2. Farrelly C.A., Greenaway P. (2005) The morphology and vasculature of the respiratory organs of terrestrial hermit crabs (Coenobita and Birgus): Gills, branchiostegal lungs and abdominal lungs Arthropod Structure and Development, 34 (1) , pp. 63-87.
3. Hsu C-H, Otte ML, Liu C-C, Chou J-Y, Fang W-T (2018) What are the sympatric mechanisms for three species of terrestrial hermit crab (Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. cavipes) in coastal forests? PLoS ONE 13(12): e0207640. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207640
4. Hsu C-H, Otte ML, Liu C-C, Chou J-Y, Fang W-T (2018) What are the sympatric mechanisms for three species of terrestrial hermit crab (Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. cavipes) in coastal forests? PLoS ONE 13(12): e0207640. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207640
5. Reshmi, R., & Bijukumar, A. (2010). First report of the hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus and Coenobita rugosos (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) from the Indian coast. Marine Biodiversity Records, 3, E121. doi:10.1017/S1755267210001089
6. Hamasaki, Saori Kato, Sora Hatta, Yu Murakami, Shigeki Dan & Shuichi Kitada (2014) Larval development and emigration behaviour during sea-to-land transition of the land hermit crab Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) under laboratory conditions, Journal of Natural History, 48:17-18,1061-1084, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.861941
7. Sue Fox (2000). Hermit crabs: everything about anatomy, ecology, purchasing, feeding, housing, behavior, and illness. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-7641-1229-4.
8. Hsu C-H, Otte ML, Liu C-C, Chou J-Y, Fang W-T (2018) What are the sympatric mechanisms for three species of terrestrial hermit crab (Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. cavipes) in coastal forests? PLoS ONE 13(12): e0207640. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207640
9. Burggren, W., & McMahon, B. (Eds.). (1988). Biology of the Land Crabs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. dio:10.1017/CBO9780511753428
10. Vannini, Jacopo Ferretti; Chemoreception in Two Species of Terrestrial Hermit Crabs (Decapoda: Coenobitidae), Journal of Crustacean Biology, Volume 17, Issue 1, 1 January 1997, Pages 33–37, https://doi.org/10.1163/193724097X00061
11. Hsu C-H, Otte ML, Liu C-C, Chou J-Y, Fang W-T (2018) What are the sympatric mechanisms for three species of terrestrial hermit crab (Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. cavipes) in coastal forests? PLoS ONE 13(12): e0207640. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207640
12. Lemaitre, R.; McLaughlin, P. (2019). World Paguroidea & Lomisoidea database. Coenobita brevimanus Dana, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=208656 on 2019-02-27