Co-chaperone

Co-chaperones are proteins that assist chaperones in protein folding and other functions. Co-chaperones are the non-client binding molecules that assist in protein folding mediated by Hsp70 and Hsp90. They are particularly essential in stimulation of the ATPase activity of these chaperone proteins. There are a great number of different co-chaperones however based on their domain structure most of them fall into two groups: J-domain proteins and tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR).[1]

Co-chaperones assist heat shock proteins in the protein folding process. These co-chaperones can function in a number of ways. Primarily co-chaperones are involved in the ATPase functionality of their associated heat shock proteins. Co-chaperones catalyze the hydrolysis ATP to ADP on their respective chaperones which then allows them undergo a large conformational change that allows them to either bind to their substrates with higher affinity or aid in the release of the substrate following protein folding, as in the case of co-chaperone p23.[2]

J-proteins, DnaJ or Hsp40 are important co-chaperones for Hsp70 and have the ability to bind to polypeptides and then recruit chaperone protein DnaK and passes the polypeptide along to this chaperone by catalyzing ATP hydrolysis that allows DnaK to bind to the unfolded polypeptide with high affinity. Another co-chaperone, GrpE, comes in following the folding of this protein to cause a conformational change in DnaK that allows it to release the folded protein.[3] The mechanism of TPR proteins is less studied these domains have been shown to interact with Hsp90 and Hsp70 and may be involved in the creation of an Hsp70-Hsp90 multi-chaperone complex.[4]

Co-chaperones may also play an important role in misfolding diseases such as cystic fibrosis. An interaction between Hsp90 and its co-chaperone, Aha1, is essential to the proper folding of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).[5] Other examples of co-chaperone's role in illness include neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease have a number of proteins that can aggregate if not properly chaperoned. Co-chaperones CSPα (DNAJC5), auxilin (DNAJC6) and RME-8 (DNAJC13) are important for preserving folding and assembly, therefore preventing protein aggregation.[6] Detection of mutations in these proteins have been associated with the early onset of neurodegenerative diseases.[7]

List of co-chaperones
gollark: BSA idea: recover an egg you AP'd as long as it's actually in the AP still.
gollark: I think a lot of people actually just hit up against the weekly limit though.
gollark: Ah.
gollark: What BSA would be fitting? I can't think of any, especially ones of actual use.
gollark: I wonder whether the spotted ones will end up hunted into extreme rarity like aeons.

See also

References
  1. Caplan AJ (2017-05-28). "What is a co-chaperone?". Cell Stress & Chaperones. 8 (2): 105–7. doi:10.1379/1466-1268(2003)008<0105:WIAC>2.0.CO;2. PMC 514860. PMID 14627194.
  2. Young JC, Hartl FU (November 2000). "Polypeptide release by Hsp90 involves ATP hydrolysis and is enhanced by the co-chaperone p23". The EMBO Journal. 19 (21): 5930–40. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.21.5930. PMC 305790. PMID 11060043.
  3. Langer T, Lu C, Echols H, Flanagan J, Hayer MK, Hartl FU (April 1992). "Successive action of DnaK, DnaJ and GroEL along the pathway of chaperone-mediated protein folding". Nature. 356 (6371): 683–9. doi:10.1038/356683a0. PMID 1349157.
  4. Scheufler C, Brinker A, Bourenkov G, Pegoraro S, Moroder L, Bartunik H, Hartl FU, Moarefi I (2000). "Structure of TPR domain-peptide complexes: critical elements in the assembly of the Hsp70-Hsp90 multichaperone machine". Cell. 101 (2): 199–210. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80830-2. PMID 10786835.
  5. Wang X, Venable J, LaPointe P, Hutt DM, Koulov AV, Coppinger J, Gurkan C, Kellner W, Matteson J, Plutner H, Riordan JR, Kelly JW, Yates JR, Balch WE (November 2006). "Hsp90 cochaperone Aha1 downregulation rescues misfolding of CFTR in cystic fibrosis". Cell. 127 (4): 803–15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.043. PMID 17110338.
  6. Olgiati S, Quadri M, Fang M, Rood JP, Saute JA, Chien HF, et al. (February 2016). "DNAJC6 Mutations Associated With Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease". Annals of Neurology. 79 (2): 244–56. doi:10.1002/ana.24553. PMID 26528954.
  7. Gorenberg EL, Chandra SS (2017). "The Role of Co-chaperones in Synaptic Proteostasis and Neurodegenerative Disease". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 11: 248. doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00248. PMC 5437171. PMID 28579939.

Further reading
  • Young JC, Barral JM, Ulrich Hartl F (October 2003). "More than folding: localized functions of cytosolic chaperones". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 28 (10): 541–7. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2003.08.009. PMID 14559183.
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