Clean Power Plan

The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.[1] The final version of the plan was unveiled by President Obama on August 3, 2015.[2] The 460-page rule (RIN 2060–AR33) titled "Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units" was published in the Federal Register on October 23, 2015.[3] The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.[4] The plan was widely expected to be eliminated under President Donald Trump,[5][6][7] who signed an executive order on March 28, 2017 mandating the EPA to review the plan. On June 1, 2017, the United States withdrew from the Paris Agreement.[8][9][10]

See also: Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act

The Navajo Generating Station, a coal-fired power plant outside Page, Arizona

In October 2017, it was reported that the EPA under the Trump Administration was planning to end the Clean Power Plan.[11][12][13][14] EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt announced the formal process to change EPA rules and repeal the plan would begin on October 10, 2017.[15][16] The standard federal regulatory procedures and potential legal challenges to implement or change a regulation would likely take up to two years.[17][18][19]

In May 2019, Administrator Andrew Wheeler, who had replaced Administer Scott Pruitt, announced plans to change the way the EPA calculates health risks of air pollution. Administrator Wheeler defended the change as a way to rectify inconsistencies in the current cost-benefit analyses used by the agency. The new plan will be known as the Affordable Clean Energy rule.[20]

Aims

The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.[21] The plan is focused on reducing emissions from coal-burning power plants, as well as increasing the use of renewable energy, and energy conservation.[22] White House officials also hoped that the plan would help persuade other countries that emit large amounts of carbon dioxide to officially pledge to reduce their emissions at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference.[23]

Requirements

The plan will require individual states to meet specific standards with respect to reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.[24] States are free to reduce emissions by various means, and must submit emissions reductions plans by September 2016, or, with an extension approval, by September 2018.[25] If a state has not submitted a plan by then, the EPA will impose its own plan on that state.[25]

The EPA divided the country into three regions based on connected regional electricity grids to determine a state's goal.[26] States are to implement their plans by focusing on three building blocks: increasing the generation efficiency of existing fossil fuel plants, substituting lower carbon dioxide emitting natural gas generation for coal powered generation, and substituting generation from new zero carbon dioxide emitting renewable sources for fossil fuel powered generation.[27]

States may use regionally available low carbon generation sources when substituting for in-state coal generation and coordinate with other states to develop multi-state plans.[27]

Benefits

The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030. That includes the avoidance of 140,000 to 150,000 asthma attacks among children and 2,700 to 6,600 premature deaths.[28] EPA projects that the plan will save the average American family $85 per year in energy bills in 2030, and it will save enough energy to power 30 million homes and save consumers $155 billion from 2020–2030. The plan would create 30 percent more renewable energy generation in 2030 and help to lower the costs of renewable energy.[29] It also would create hundreds of thousands of jobs, according to the NRDC.[30]

Reduced CO
2 emissions

According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), coal in 2015 in the United States produced 1,364,000,000 metric tons of CO
2. This amounted to 71% of CO
2 emissions from the electric power sector.[31] By switching this coal generation to a cleaner source such as wind power, CO
2 emissions could be significantly reduced. In addition, evidence suggests that wind power now has a lower cost of production than coal or natural gas, even when subsidies are taken into account.[32] According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan "established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change" and was "the biggest step" the United States had "ever taken to address climate change."[33]

The United States' enactment of the Clean Power Plan was one of the first major global initiatives to curb internal greenhouse gas emissions. Since the plan was established in 2014, there have been various global efforts made to decrease toxic particulate matter emissions by other developed nations. The Paris Agreement was agreed upon in October 2016 and entered into force in November 2016. The Paris Agreement aims to combat global climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.[34] In order to enact the plan, 194 UNFCCC member nations have signed the treaty, 172 of which have ratified it.[34]

The poorest, most underdeveloped nations emit the lowest levels of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gasses. According to the World Bank, greenhouse gas emissions from large nations such as the United States and China disproportionately affect developing nations who don't have the infrastructure to combat climate change induced drought, famine, and other natural and anthropogenic disasters.[35]

Economic environmental justice for households

The economic impact of the Clean Power Plan (CPP), not including the impact on employment, can be measured by many variables including its impact on electricity prices and health expenditures. In four major studies conducted on the economic impact of the CPP, findings varied widely due to the assumptions made and the variables analyzed. Ultimately, the effect of the CPP on households is most influenced by how states decide to meet their emissions goals, allocate the revenue generated by the carbon tax, and collaborate with other states.[36][37]

Data on the economic impact of the Clean Power Plan on electricity prices relies heavily on four studies conducted separately by Synapse Energy Economics, M.J. Bradley & Associates, NERA Economic Consulting, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Synapse Energy Economics relied on assumptions from a 2012 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) study on future potential of energy and reported findings indicating that the CPP will decrease the cost of electricity. M.J. Bradley & Associates rely on data from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and reported generally optimistic findings, with large decreases in costs due to the CPP. NERA Economic Consulting, funded by coal lobbyists,[38] relied on U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data with pessimistic assumptions, resulting in pessimistic findings stating that some states may even face double-digit price increases.[39] The EPA drew from the NREL for data and made middle-ground assumptions, ultimately reporting findings that are similarly "middle-ground" compared with other studies. The ability to measure and determine the impact on at-risk communities is confounded by these varying conclusions.[40]

Differences between states aside, three key at-risk groups are lower-income communities, higher-income communities, and coal miner communities. Lower-income households may disproportionately experience increases in expenditures due to a large share of their consumption falling into the energy-intensive category, including products and services like electricity, heating, and gasoline. However, lower-income communities are also likely to benefit from increased air quality, and therefore decreased health care expenditures. In order to combat any negative impact of the CPP, states may choose to allocate roughly 10% of their carbon pricing revenue to protect low-income communities. Higher-income communities may be disproportionately affected by the CPP because of decreased income levels, due to greater dependence on capital income, rather than wages. Coal miners, making up 0.057% of the total U.S. employment, may be disproportionately affected by the CPP due to potential layoffs in the coal industry. In contrast, coal miners disproportionately benefit from increased clean air and decreased health expenditures. Just one to five percent of the revenue generated from a moderate carbon price would offset any detriment to coal miner communities.[37]

Health impact

According to Energy Innovation’s Energy Policy Simulator, a repeal of the Clean Power Plan would lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions of more than 500 million metric tons by 2030, and by 2050, that figure would rise to more than 1,200 million metric tons.[41]

Furthermore, the EPA's proximity analysis concludes that a higher percentage of minority and low-income communities live near power plants when compared to the national averages, increasing risk of disease and death due to toxic particulate matter emissions and air pollution.[42]

The EPA has determined that greenhouse gas pollution causes global temperature warming, leading to harmful changes to the environment and human health globally such as increased drought and increased famine due to decrease in water supply and agricultural production. According to the EPA fact sheet on the Clean Power Plan, climate change is responsible for everything from stronger storms to longer droughts and increased insurance premiums, food prices and allergy seasons.[36] The populations most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change include children, older adults, people with heart or lung disease and people living in poverty.[36] The repeal of the Clean Power Plan will increase greenhouse gas emissions, expediting the damaging environmental changes due to climate change that disproportionately affect subaltern populations around the globe.[41]

Employment and community engagement impact

As aforementioned, a major part of the Clean Power Plan's mission is to regulate and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from industry.[36][43] Opponents of the Clean Power Plan have stated that the attempt in reducing these emissions is also going to be reducing the number of jobs in the United States because of the shrinkage in the industry sector. More specifically,[43] there will be a 19% reduction in the iron and steel production, 21% reduction in cement production, and 11% in refining production. On the other hand, those who argue favorably for the Clean Power Plan have addressed the employment concerns of critics of the Clean Power Plan. While jobs will be decreasing in the industrial sector, there has also been an increase nationwide[44] in the solar sector, wind sector, and energy efficient sector.

While some are skeptical of the Clean Power Plan because of its job loss in the industrial sector, the EPA has made clear that in order for the Clean Energy Plan to be effective community engagement [36] is essential, particularly low income, minority and tribal communities. To ensure opportunities in communities, the EPA is requiring all states demonstrate how they are actively engaging with communities. The EPA has created a Clean Energy Incentive Plan[36] that will reward communities who invest in wind and solar generations; the premise is to increase demand for energy efficient programs in low-income communities. In addition to incentivizing public engagement, they will also be testing air quality evaluations and providing demographic information in order to gauge the impact of air pollution on communities who are located near power plants.[36]

2015 announcement

President Obama announced the plan in a speech given at the White House on August 3, 2015. In his announcement, Obama stated that the plan includes the first standards on carbon dioxide emissions from power plants ever proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency.[45] He also called the plan "the single most important step that America has ever made in the fight against global climate change."[45]

Obama called his plan "a moral obligation" and made reference to the encyclical Laudato si' by Pope Francis.[46]

The policy has been described as "[Obama's] most ambitious climate policy to date."[25] In response to Obama's 2015 announcement, hundreds of businesses voiced support for the plan, including eBay, Nestlé, and General Mills.[47] To show support for the Clean Power Plan, 360 other companies and investors sent letters to their governors. The companies and investors signing the letter represent all 50 states.[48] In 2016, 2/3 of electric utilities supported the plan.[49]

Congressional challenge

In October 2015 Senator Shelley Moore Capito, Republican of West Virginia, introduced Senate Joint Resolution 24 (S. J. Res. 24), a “Resolution of Disapproval” under the Congressional Review Act, which act empowered Congress to over-rule rule-making by federal agencies. S. J. Res. 24 would have permanently blocked the Clean Power Plan, prohibiting the EPA from developing “substantially similar” standards. S. J. Res. 24 was approved by the Senate on November 17 by a vote of 52–46 and by the House on December 1 by a vote of 242–180. Obama vetoed the resolution on December 18. According to the League of Conservation Voters, the resolution was "an extreme measure...threatening our health and our future."[33][50][51][52] The votes on the resolution were considered key votes by the League and Americans for Prosperity (AFP) Congressional scorecards. AFP said the Clean Power Plan would have a "devastating effect on the economy" and that the resolution would send a "clear signal to the Paris climate negotiators that that President Obama's expansive green energy agenda does not have support on Capitol Hill."[53]

Court challenge
Further information: Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act

In the June 18, 2014, proposed rule, EPA argued that because the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment is ambiguous, EPA's interpretation is entitled to judicial deference.[54] EPA found the statute to be ambiguous because the language in the United States Code is from a May 23, 1990, House amendment that conflicts with a never codified April 3 Senate conforming amendment.[55]

After the U.S. Supreme Court in King v. Burwell upheld the Affordable Care Act on June 25, 2015, however, the EPA adopted a more aggressive statutory interpretation.[54] In the final rule announced on August 3, the EPA argued that the Senate's language unambiguously allows it to regulate, while the House language in the U.S. Code should be ignored because it is unreasonable under the Clean Air Act's "comprehensive scheme".[54]

Opponents immediately declared the Plan was illegal, attempting to sue before the agency finalized the rule.[56] Only ten days after the EPA announced the final rule, twenty-seven states petitioned the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for an emergency stay.[54] Peabody Energy hired Laurence Tribe, President Obama's mentor at Harvard Law School, to author a brief which was later acclaimed on the Senate floor.[57] Tribe would go on to testify before the House Energy and Commerce Committee that the EPA's energy policy was "burning the Constitution."[58]

Challengers argue that EPA overstepped its legal authority in issuing the CPP, in regards to the power plants covered by the plan, and that the scope of the "building blocks" for action goes beyond standards applied to specific electric generating units, as called for by the Clean Air Act.[59] Eighteen states (California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia and Washington) have joined the litigation in support of the EPA's plan.[60]

Enforcement halt by Supreme Court

On February 9, 2016, the United States Supreme Court ordered the EPA to halt enforcement of the plan until a lower court rules in the lawsuit against the plan.[61] The 5–4 vote was the first time the Supreme Court had ever stayed a regulation before a judgment by the lower Court of Appeals.[62]

As of July 2016, several states – including Republican-held ones such as Wyoming, South Carolina, Virginia, Arizona, Idaho, and New Jersey – are moving forward to meet the Plan's requirements although sometimes indirectly, regardless of open opposition.[63]

D.C. Circuit Court hears argument

On September 27, 2016, the case against the CPP was heard in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The chief judge of the court, Merrick B. Garland, recused himself, as he was also President Obama's US Supreme Court nominee.[64]

The argument has sparked debate about both the constitutionality and the political effects of the Clean Power Plan. The New York Times Editorial Board published an editorial arguing that the D.C. Circuit should uphold the plan.[65]

In August 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit granted the EPA an additional 60 days to review the CPP and submit their position to the court, before continuing the process to settle the case about the legality of the CPP.[10]

Proposed actions under President Trump

President Donald Trump's proposed 2018 United States federal budget defunded the Clean Power Plan.[66] On March 28, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order directing EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt to review the Clean Power Plan.[67] EPA will need to go through the formal rulemaking process to change the existing rule,[68] and in 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency that EPA regulation of carbon dioxide is actually required by the Clean Air Act, which is still in effect. Trump explained this decision calling the Clean Power Plan a "job-killing regulation" which some see as false, saying "the potential for job growth in the clean energy sector dwarfs any potential job growth in the fossil fuel economy".[69]

Opposition argues that with the repeal of the Clean Power Plan, the United States will not be able to meet the greenhouse gas emission standards agreed to under the Paris Agreement, and in turn, will have to withdraw from the agreement. Without it, the United States is projected to fall over 20% short of its pledge.[70] Because the Clean Power Plan was a significant part of how the United States intended to meet the emission targets it set for the Paris Agreement, this action may discourage other countries from upholding their own commitments.[71] Janet McCabe, an Obama Administration EPA department head, stated that the decision completely disregards the impacts of climate and the cost and benefits associated with the started programs. According to her it will lead to several more years of uncertainty and potentially lost opportunity as well as a worsening public image of the United States internationally. However she is hopeful that the decision's impact on the industry's direction toward a cleaner energy system won't be severe as several states already meet the 2022 target carbon dioxide emissions established in the Clean Power Plan.[72]

On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, but a number of U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to maintain within state borders the objectives of the Clean Power Plan separately from the federal government.

Repeal

On October 4, 2017, an EPA document obtained by Reuters revealed that the EPA was planning to repeal the Clean Power Plan.[73] A list of potential alternatives to the Clean Power Plan following public discussion were leaked to Bloomberg News on October 6.[14] Likewise, The Washington Post and CNN reported that the EPA would repeal the plan and limit the alternatives to advice for local utilities on October 10.[13][74][75] Then-EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt signed a proposed rule to repeal the Clean Power Plan on that day.[76] New York’s and Massachusetts’ attorneys general planned to sue the EPA over the repeal.[19] The EPA held a hearing, titled, "Proposal to Repeal the Clean Power Plan", on Nov. 28-29, 2017 in Charleston, West Virginia.[77] The hearing was live-streamed from the West Virginia capitol building, where it was held.

In May 2019, Administrator Andrew Wheeler announced plans to change the way the EPA calculates health risks of air pollution, resulting in the reporting of far fewer health-related deaths and making it easier to roll back the Clean Power Plan. The Trump administration has argued that the Obama administration over-estimated the health risks for various environmental regulations, to the detriment of industry. Administrator Wheeler defended the change as a way to rectify inconsistencies in the current cost-benefit analyses used by the agency. The new plan will be known as the Affordable Clean Energy (ACE) rule. The planned changes were hailed by industry representatives.[20]

Environmentalists are fighting the administration's power plant regulation rollbacks. In April 2020, several environmental groups and twenty-two states filed their first legal briefs in an attempt to fight the administration's attempt to loosen emission standards. Environmentalists are concerned that the new ACE standards are so limited in the pollution controls it requires power producers to install that it could hamstring future administrations from addressing climate-altering pollution.[78]

gollark: Just type better?
gollark: Pretty well! They're just rotating and isomorphizing and such, and working on scouting for GTech™ Infinitesimal Extensional Zeration™.
gollark: Apioform #33 sees worse things at practically 0.04Hz!
gollark: You're seriously still worried about the *infinigorgon*?
gollark: It can't. Fortunately, we aren't it.

See also

References
  1. "Clean Power Plan for Existing Power Plants". EPA. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  2. "Climate change: Obama unveils Clean Power Plan". BBC News. August 3, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  3. Federal Register, Volume 80, number 205 (PDF), U.S. Government Printing Office, October 23, 2015, pp. 64661–65120, RIN 2060–AR33
  4. "A new national Clean Power Plan". Environmental Defense Fund. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  5. Coral Davenport (March 21, 2017), "Trump Lays Plans to Reverse Obama's Climate Change Legacy", The New York Times
  6. Timothy Cama and Devin Henry (March 20, 2017), "Overnight Energy: White House delays climate order's release", The HillCS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  7. Julie Pignataro (March 10, 2017), "What Is The Clean Power Plan? Trump To Issue Executive Order On Rule", The International Business Times
  8. Background Briefing on the President's Energy Independence Executive Order, White House Office of the Press Secretary, March 27, 2017
  9. Coral Davenport (March 28, 2017), "Trump Signs Executive Order Unwinding Obama Climate Policies", The New York Times
  10. "Federal Court Extends Suspension Of Clean Power Plan Case". Solar Industry. August 9, 2017. Archived from the original on August 11, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  11. Manchester, Julia (October 4, 2017). "EPA to propose ending Obama-era Clean Power Plan: report". The Hill.
  12. "The EPA Could Soon Formally Propose Repealing Obama's Key Climate Change Regulation". Fortune. Reuters. October 4, 2017.
  13. Dennis, Brady; Eilperin, Juliet (October 6, 2017). "Trump administration will propose repealing Obama's key effort to combat climate change". The Washington Post.
  14. Dlouhy, Jennifer A (October 6, 2017). "Trump Is Seen Replacing Obama's Power Plant Overhaul With a Tune-Up". Bloomberg.
  15. "U.S. to 'Withdraw' Obama-Era Clean Power Plan Tuesday, EPA Head Says". The Weather Channel. Associated Press. October 9, 2017.
  16. Friedman, Lisa; Plumer, Brad (October 9, 2017). "E.P.A. Announces Repeal of Major Obama-Era Carbon Emissions Rule". The New York Times.
  17. "Pruitt signs proposal to withdraw from Obama-era Clean Power Plan". TheWeek.com. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  18. "Pruitt signs rule undoing Clean Power Plan". MercuryNews.com. October 10, 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  19. I.K. (October 10, 2017). "Scott Pruitt signs a measure to repeal the Clean Power Plan". The Economist.
  20. Green, Miranda. "EPA to reconsider cost benefit analysis of air pollution on human life". The Hill. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  21. Foster, Peter (August 3, 2015). "Barack Obama unveils plan to tackle greenhouse gases and climate change". The Telegraph. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  22. Malloy, Allie (August 3, 2015). "Obama unveils major climate change proposal". CNN. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  23. Roberts, Dan (August 3, 2015). "Obama unveils sweeping cuts to power plant emissions: 'We have to get going'". The Guardian. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  24. Malloy, Allie (August 3, 2015). "Obama unveils major climate change proposal". CNN. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  25. Plumer, Brad (August 3, 2015). "Obama just released his most ambitious climate policy yet — the Clean Power Plan". Vox. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  26. "States' Reactions to EPA Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards". www.NCSL.org. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  27. "FACT SHEET: Overview of the Clean Power Plan". United States EPA. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
  28. EPA,OAR,OAA, US. "FACT SHEET: Clean Power Plan Benefits". www2.epa.gov. Retrieved December 11, 2015.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. "Climate Change". The White House. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  30. "The Pros and Cons of Obama's New Carbon Rule". The Fiscal Times. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  31. "How much of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions are associated with electricity generation?". Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  32. "Lazard's Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis 10.0" (PDF).
  33. "Extreme Attack on Carbon Pollution Limits for Existing Power Plants (CRA)". National Environmental Scorecard. League of Conservation Voters. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  34. Change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate. "The Paris Agreement – main page". unfccc.int. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  35. "See What Climate Change Means for the World's Poor". National Geographic News. December 1, 2015. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  36. EPA,OAR,OAQPS, US. "FACT SHEET: Overview of the Clean Power Plan". www.epa.gov. Retrieved April 6, 2017.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. "Putting a Price on Carbon: Ensuring Equity | World Resources Institute". www.WRI.org. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  38. News, Emily Holden,E&E. "Was the Clean Power Plan Really Bad for the Economy?". Scientific American. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  39. "Home". www.nera.com. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  40. "The Economic Impacts of the Clean Power Plan: How Studies of the Same Regulation Can Produce Such Different Results | World Resources Institute". www.wri.org. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  41. "Analysis: Clean Power Plan repeal could cost $600B, result in 120,000 premature deaths". Utility Dive. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  42. EPA,OAR,OAQPS, US. "Clean Power Plan Community Page". www.EPA.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2017.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. "Impacts of greenhouse gas regulations on the industrial sector: summary and key results" (PDF). www.eenews.net. March 1, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  44. "Clean energy jobs growth in the United-States" (PDF). www.wri.org. World Resources Institute. February 1, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  45. Perkins, Lucy (August 3, 2015). "President Obama Unveils New Power Plant Rules In 'Clean Power Plan'". NPR. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  46. Davenport, Coral; Davis, Julie Hirschfeld. "Move to Fight Climate Plan Started Early". The New York Times (August 4, 2015 on page A1). Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  47. Vaughan, Adam (August 3, 2015). "Obama's clean power plan hailed as US's strongest ever climate action". The Guardian. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  48. "Business Support for EPA Clean Power Plan Grows — Ceres". www.ceres.org. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  49. "Utility Dive report: The State of the Electric Utility 2016". Utility Dive. 2016. p. 3. Retrieved October 29, 2016. More than two-thirds of respondents think the Environmental Protection Agency should either strengthen the Clean Power Plan or hold to its current emissions targets and timetable. Less than 15% want the plan scrapped entirely and opposition was greatest among electric cooperatives.
  50. "S. J. Res.24". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  51. Davenport, Coral (November 17, 2015). "Senate Votes to Block Obama's Climate Change Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  52. Restuccia, Andrew; Goode, Darren (November 17, 2015). "Senate votes to upend centerpiece of Obama climate pledge". Politico. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  53. "House Key Vote Alert: Yes on S.J. Res. 23 & 24". Americans for Prosperity. November 24, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  54. Recent Regulation: The Clean Power Plan, 129 Harv. L. Rev. 1152 (February 10, 2016).
  55. Laurence H. Tribe, Why EPA's Climate Plan Is Unconstitutional, HARV. L. TODAY (March 20, 2015) discussing S. 1630 101st Congress (1990).
  56. In re Murray Energy Corp., 788 F.3d 330, 333 (D.C. Cir. 2015)
  57. Davenport, Coral. "Laurence Tribe Fights Climate Case Against Star Pupil From Harvard, President Obama". The New York Times (April 7, 2015, on page A1). Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  58. Hearing entitled "EPA's Proposed 111(d) Rule for Existing Power Plants: Legal and Cost Issues" Archived September 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce (March 17, 2015).
  59. "E&E's Power Plan Hub: Legal Challenges – Overview & Documents". www.eenews.net. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  60. "Your guide to the Clean Power Plan in the courts" (PDF). E&E News. March 29, 2017.
  61. Wolf, Richard (February 9, 2016). "Supreme Court blocks President Obama's climate change plan". USA Today. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  62. Liptak, Adam; Davenport, Coral. "Supreme Court Deals Blow to Obama's Efforts to Regulate Coal Emissions". The New York Times (February 10, 2016 on page A1). Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  63. Davenport, Coral. "Fighting Obama's Climate Plan, but Quietly Preparing to Comply". The New York Times (July 19, 2016). Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  64. Coral Davenport (September 25, 2016). "Obama Climate Plan, Now in Court, May Hinge on Error in 1990 Law". NYT. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  65. The Editorial Board (September 30, 2016). "A Flimsy Legal Attack on Clean Air". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  66. Priya Singh (March 16, 2017), "Trump Budget 2018 Proposal: Military Wins, Environment Loses", International Business Times
  67. Davenport, Coral; Rubin, Alissa J. (March 29, 2017). "Trump SIGNS RULE TO BLOCK EFFORTS ON AIDING CLIMATE – Executive Order Is Intended to Dismantle Obama Plan on Curbing Carbon". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  68. "Trump Administration Seeks Halt to Clean Power Plan Review". Bloomberg. March 28, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  69. Jones, Van. "Van Jones: Trump may have signed Earth's death warrant". CNN. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  70. "Trump's repeal of climate rules means U.S. cannot meet Paris goals". Retrieved April 6, 2017.
  71. "Trump's Plan To Ditch Clean Power Plan Threatens Paris Agreement". NPR.org. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  72. "Clean Power Plan architect calls Trump's energy executive order a 'kick in the stomach'". USA TODAY. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
  73. Volcovici, Valerie (October 4, 2017). "Trump EPA to propose repealing Obama's climate regulation: document". Reuters.
  74. https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4081574/Repeal-of-Carbon-Pollution-Emission-Guidelines.pdf
  75. Green, Miranda; Marsh, Renee (October 7, 2017). "EPA to propose repealing Obama-era rule on greenhouse gas emissions". CNN.
  76. Eilperin, Juliet (October 10, 2017). "EPA's Pruitt signs proposed rule to unravel Clean Power Plan". Retrieved October 15, 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
  77. EPA,OAR, US. "Public Hearing: Repealing the Clean Power Plan | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
  78. Beitsch, Rebecca. "Green groups, coal companies push to have EPA power plant rollback scrapped". The Hill. Retrieved April 20, 2020.

Further reading
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.