Cistus heterophyllus

Cistus heterophyllus is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae.

Cistus heterophyllus
Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis, Sierra Minera de Cartagena, Spain
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Cistaceae
Genus: Cistus
Species:
C. heterophyllus
Binomial name
Cistus heterophyllus
Desf.[1]

Description

Cistus heterophyllus grows up to 1 m (3 ft) tall, forming an erect, much-branched shrub. Its leaves are elliptical to lanceolate in shape, usually 5–20 mm (0.2–0.8 in) long, the upper surfaces being dark green with stellate and simple hairs, and the lower surfaces whitish with a coating of short hairs. The leaf margins are slightly turned under (revolute) and the veins are much more obvious on the underside. The leaves are of two kinds: the upper are without stalks (petioles), the lower have short stalks. The flowers are arranged in cymes of one to five individual flowers, each with five purplish-pink petals, usually with a yellow spot at the base. Like the leaves, the five sepals have stellate hairs, plus some longer simple hairs. The fruit capsule is about 9 mm (0.35 in) high containing angular brownish seeds.[2][3]

The two described subspecies differ in the distribution of hairs. In C. h. subsp. heterophyllus, the young stems have both many stellate hairs and many longer simple hairs, and the leaves have scattered long simple hairs. In C. h. subsp. carthaginensis, the young stems and leaves have fewer simple hairs. The outer two sepals of C. h. subsp. heterophyllus average about 10 mm (0.39 in) long by 9 mm (0.35 in) wide, whereas those of C. h. subsp. carthaginensis are smaller, averaging about 8.5 mm (0.33 in) long by 6 mm (0.24 in) wide. The petals of C. h. subsp. heterophyllus are about 20–30 mm (0.8–1.2 in) long by 20–25 mm (0.8–1.0 in) wide, making the flower diameter typically 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in). Although there is considerable variation and the size ranges overlap, the petals of C. h. subsp. carthaginensis may be as small as 12 mm (0.47 in) long and 10 mm (0.39 in) wide, making the flower diameter typically 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in).[4]

Taxonomy and phylogeny
Cistus heterophyllus from Sweet's Cystineae; probably subsp. heterophyllus as said to be "from Algeria"

Cistus heterophyllus was first described by René Louiche Desfontaines in 1798.[1] The specific epithet heterophyllus means "with leaves of different shapes",[5] the upper being unstalked, the lower shortly stalked.

Two subspecies are accepted:[1][6]

  • Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis (Pau) M.B.Crespo & Mateo – mainland Spain
  • Cistus heterophyllus subsp. heterophyllus – north Africa

The two subspecies have been artificially crossed forming a hybrid subspecies called C. h. nothosubsp. marzoi.[4]

A 2011 molecular phylogenetic study placed C. heterophyllus in the purple and pink flowered clade (PPC) of Cistus species, in a subclade with C. albidus and C. creticus.[7]

Species-level cladogram of Cistus species.
 
 

  Halimium spp.  

 
 
     
PPC  
     

  Cistus crispus  

 
 
     
     

  Cistus asper  

 
 

  Cistus chinamadensis  

 
 

  Cistus horrens  

 
 

  Cistus ocreatus  

 
 

  Cistus osbeckiifolius  

 
 

  Cistus palmensis  

 
 

  Cistus symphytifolius  

 
 
 
     

  Cistus heterophyllus  

 
 
     

  Cistus albidus  

 
 

  Cistus creticus  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  Halimium spp.  

 
 
  WWPC  
     
     

  Cistus clusii  

 
 

  Cistus munbyi  

 
 
 
     

  Cistus inflatus  

 
 

  Cistus ladanifer  

 
 

  Cistus laurifolius  

 
 

  Cistus libanotis  

 
 

  Cistus monspeliensis  

 
 

  Cistus parviflorus  

 
 

  Cistus populifolius  

 
 

  Cistus pouzolzii  

 
 

  Cistus salviifolius  

 
 

  Cistus sintenisii  

 
 
 
 
  Purple
  Pink
  Clade
  White
  Whitish Pink
  Clade
Species-level cladogram of Cistus species, based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences.[7][8][9][10]

Distribution

Cistus heterophyllus has a disjoint distribution. C. h. subsp. heterophyllus is native to western North Africa, along the coastal Mediterranean region from the Spanish island of Peñón de Alhucemas and Targuist in Morocco to Algiers.[4] C. h. subsp. carthaginensis is found only in two locations in mainland Spain: near La Pobla de Vallbona in Valencia and in the Calblanque Regional Park in Murcia.[6]

Conservation

Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis is listed as critically endangered (CR) in the IUCN Red List.[11] Fewer than 30 individuals were known in 2011 (only one at the Valencian site) and some appear to be hybrids with Cistus albidus.[6] The subspecies is threatened by fires and human disturbance. Seeds have been stored in seedbanks, and attempts are being made to increase plants in cultivation, both from seed and in vitro.[11]

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References
  1. "Cistus heterophyllus", The Plant List, retrieved 2015-03-02
  2. Warburg, E.F. (1968), "Cistus heterophyllus", in Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.), Flora Europaea, Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae, Cambridge University Press, p. 283, ISBN 978-0-521-06662-4
  3. "Jara de Cartagena. Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis [Cistaceae]", Naturaleza – Región de Murcia Digital (in Spanish), retrieved 2015-03-10
  4. Ferrer-Gallego, P. Pablo & Ferrando, Inmaculada (2013), "Cistus heterophyllus nothosubsp. marzoi, nsubsp. nova (Cistaceae)", Bouteloua (in Spanish), 16: 27–33, retrieved 2015-03-11
  5. Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995), Plants and their names : a concise dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4, p. 237
  6. Pawluczyk, Marta; Weiss, Julia; Vicente-Colomer, María José & Egea-Cortines, Marcos (2012), "Two alleles of rpoB and rpoC1 distinguish an endemic European population from Cistus heterophyllus and its putative hybrid (C. × clausonis) with C. albidus", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298 (2): 409–419, doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0554-8
  7. Civeyrel, Laure; Leclercq, Julie; Demoly, Jean-Pierre; Agnan, Yannick; Quèbre, Nicolas; Pélissier, Céline & Otto, Thierry (2011), "Molecular systematics, character evolution, and pollen morphology of Cistus and Halimium (Cistaceae)", Plant Systematics and Evolution, 295 (1–4): 23–54, doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0458-7
  8. Guzmán, B. & Vargas, P. (2009). "Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 9 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2009.01.001.
  9. Guzmán, B. & Vargas, P. (2005), "Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Cistus L. (Cistaceae) based on ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK sequences", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37: 644–660, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.026, PMID 16055353
  10. Guzman, B.; Lledo, M.D. & Vargas, P. (2009). "Adaptive Radiation in Mediterranean Cistus (Cistaceae)". PLoS ONE. 4: e6362. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006362. PMC 2719431. PMID 19668338.
  11. Güemes, J.; Francisco Jiménez, J.; Sánchez-Gómez, P. & Carrión Vilches, M.Á. (2006), "Cistus heterophyllus subsp. carthaginensis", IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2014.3, retrieved 2013-03-11
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