Water opossum

Water opossum
	Chironectes minimus
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Didelphimorphia
Family:	Didelphidae
Subfamily:	Didelphinae
Tribe:	Didelphini
Genus:	Chironectes; Illiger, 1811
Species:	C. minimus
Binomial name
	Chironectes minimus; (Zimmermann, 1780)
	Water opossum range

The water opossum (Chironectes minimus), also locally known as the yapok (/ˈjæpɒk/), is a marsupial of the family Didelphidae.[2] It is the only living member of its genus, Chironectes.[3] This semiaquatic creature is found in and near freshwater streams and lakes from Mexico through Central and South America to Argentina and is the most aquatic living marsupial (the lutrine opossum also has semiaquatic habits). It is also the only living marsupial in which both sexes have a pouch. The thylacine, commonly referred to as the Tasmanian tiger, also exhibited this trait, but it is now believed to be extinct.

The water opossum lives in bankside burrows, emerging after dusk to swim and search for fish, crustaceans and other aquatic animals, which it eats on the bank.

Origin of the name

The local name for the water opossum, "yapok", probably comes from the name of the Oyapok River in French Guiana.

Physical appearance

Skull of a water opossum

The water opossum is a small opossum, 27-32.5 cm long, with a 36–40 cm long tail. The fur is in a marbled grey and black pattern, while the muzzle, eyestripe, and crown are all black. A light band runs across the forehead anterior to the ears, which are rounded and naked. There are sensory facial bristles in tufts above each eye, as well as whiskers. The water opossum's tail, furred and black at the base, is yellow or white at its end. The hindfeet of the water opossum are webbed, while the forefeet ("hands") are not. The forefeet can be used to feel for and grab prey as the animal swims, propelled by its tail and webbed back feet.[4] Unlike other didelphids, the water opossum does not have a cloaca.[5]

Aquatic adaptations

The water opossum has several adaptations for its watery lifestyle. It has short, dense fur, which is water-repellent. The broad hindfeet are webbed and are used for propulsion through water, moving with alternate strokes. They are symmetrical as well, which distributes force equally along both borders of the webbing; this increases the efficiency of the water opossum's movement through the water. The water opossum's long tail also aids in swimming.

Being a marsupial and at the same time an aquatic animal, the water opossum has evolved a way to protect its young while swimming. A strong ring of muscle makes the pouch (which opens to the rear) watertight, so the young remain dry, even when the mother is totally immersed in water.[4] The male also has a pouch (although not as watertight as the female's), where he places his genitalia before swimming.[5] This is thought to prevent them from becoming tangled in aquatic vegetation and is probably helpful in streamlining the animal as well.

Reproduction

Water opossums mate in December and a litter of 1-5 young is born 12 to 14 days later in the nest. By 22 days the offspring are beginning to show some fur, and by 40 days or so their eyes are open, their bodies protruding from the mother's pouch. At 48 days of age, the young opossums detach from the nipples, but they still nurse and sleep with the mother.

Fossil record

The water opossum seems to have a history dating as far back as to the Pliocene Epoch.

Holocene subfossil fragments of Chironectes have been discovered in São Paulo, Brazil. Also, there are fossil specimens from the late Pleistocene-Recent cave deposits in Minas Gerais, Brazil, as well as from the late Pliocene in Entre Ríos Province, Argentina.

Subspecies

Chironectes minimus argyrodytes
Chironectes minimus langsdorffi
Chironectes minimus minimus
Chironectes minimus panamensis

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References

Footnotes

Cuarón, A. D.; Emmons, L.; Helgen, K.; Reid, F.; Lew, D.; Patterson, B.; Delgado, C. & Solari, S. (2008). "Chironectes minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2014-05-13.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
- Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Water-opossum" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 384.
Fernandez, Fernando Antonio dos Santos, et al. "Natural history of the water opossum Chironectes minimus: a review." Oecologia Australis 19.1 (2015).
Nogueira, José Carlos, et al. "Morphology of the male genital system of Chironectes minimus and comparison to other didelphid marsupials." Journal of mammalogy 85.5 (2004): 834-841.

Bibliography

Reid, Fiona A. (June 2, 2009). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-195-34322-9. OCLC 312626014.
Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (May 15, 2000). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1. OCLC 493329394.

External links

Gorog, A (1999). "Chironectes minimus". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
"Mammals of the World: Water Opossum". YouTube. 27 August 2011.

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[IUCN-1] Cuarón, A. D.; Emmons, L.; Helgen, K.; Reid, F.; Lew, D.; Patterson, B.; Delgado, C. & Solari, S. (2008). "Chironectes minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2014-05-13.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url

[MSW3-2] Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[3] Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[3] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Water-opossum" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 384.

[Fernandez-4] Fernandez, Fernando Antonio dos Santos, et al. "Natural history of the water opossum Chironectes minimus: a review." Oecologia Australis 19.1 (2015).

[Nogueira-5] Nogueira, José Carlos, et al. "Morphology of the male genital system of Chironectes minimus and comparison to other didelphid marsupials." Journal of mammalogy 85.5 (2004): 834-841.