Chipaya language

Chipaya is a native South American language of the Uru–Chipaya language family. The only other language in the grouping, Uru, is considered by some to be a divergent dialect of Chipaya. Ethnologue lists the language vitality as "vigorous," with 1200 speakers out of an ethnic population of around 1800. Chipaya has been influenced considerably by Aymara, the Quechuan languages, and more recently, Spanish, with a third of its vocabulary having been replaced by those languages.

Chipaya
Puquina
Native toBolivia
RegionOruro Department
Native speakers
1,800 (2011)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3cap
Glottologchip1262[2]

The Chipayan language is spoken in the area south of Lake Titicaca along the Desaguadero River in the mountains of Bolivia and mainly in the town of Chipaya located in the Sabaya Province of the Bolivian department of Oruro north of Coipasa Salt Flats. Native speakers generally refer to it as Puquina or Uchun Maa Taqu ("our mother language"), but is not the same as the extinct Puquina language. Chipaya is an agglutinative language, though it has features uncommon to most agglutinative languages, according to preliminary research by the organization DOBES.

Phonology

Consonants
  Bilabial Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Uvular
plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal   m  /m/   n  /n/   ň  /ɲ/     ŋ  /ŋ/      
Plosive plain   p  /p/   t  /t/     č  /c/   k  /k/   kʷ  /kʷ/   q  /q/  
ejective   p'  /pʼ/   t'  /tʼ/     č'  /cʼ/   k'  /kʼ/     q'  /qʼ/  
Affricate plain     ¢  /ts/   ch  /tʃ/          
ejective     ¢'  /tsʼ/   ch'  /tʃʼ/          
Fricative     s  /s/   sh  /ʃ/   š  /ç/   h  /x/   hʷ  /xʷ/   x  /χ/   xʷ  /χʷ/
Approximant     l  /l/   lʲ  /lʲ/   y  /j/     w  /w/    

Consonant clusters

Multiple possibilities are separated by slashes, and optional elements are enclosed in parentheses.

Possible syllable onsets are:

  • (s/š) + p + (h)
  • (s/š/sh) + k/q + (h/hʷ/x/xʷ)
  • s/š + p/k/kʷ/q/qʷ/h/hʷ/m/n
  • t + h/hʷ/x/xʷ
  • ¢/č/ch/l + h

Possible syllable codas are:

  • h/x + p/t/k/q/l/lʲ/r + (t)
  • hʷ/xʷ + k/q + (t)
  • Consonant + t

Vowels
  • Vowels have continental values for a, [a], e [e], i [i], o, [o], and u [u]. Each vowel can be short, e.g., a [a], or long, e.g., a• [aː].
gollark: For example:- the average person probably does *some* sort of illegal/shameful/bad/whatever stuff, and if some organization has information on that it can use it against people it wants to discredit (basically, information leads to power, so information asymmetry leads to power asymmetry). This can happen if you decide to be an activist or something much later, even- having lots of data on you means you can be manipulated more easily (see, partly, targeted advertising, except that actually seems to mostly be poorly targeted)- having a government be more effective at detecting minor crimes (which reduced privacy could allow for) might *not* actually be a good thing, as some crimes (drug use, I guess?) are kind of stupid and at least somewhat tolerable because they *can't* be entirely enforced practically
gollark: No, it probably isn't your fault, it must have been dropped from my brain stack while I was writing the rest.
gollark: ... I forgot one of them, hold on while I try and reremember it.
gollark: That's probably one of them. I'm writing.
gollark: > If you oppose compromises to privacy on the grounds that you could do something that is misidentified as a crime, being more transparent does helpI mean, sure. But I worry about lacking privacy for reasons other than "maybe the government will use partial data or something and accidentally think I'm doing crimes".

References
  1. Chipaya at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Chipaya". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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